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Endocrine System (Endocrine Glands (Located outside the brain (Pancreas…

- - - - melatonin
        
        controls sleep cycles, alertness, and temperature
    - - produces hormones that stimulates the pituitary gland
    - - "master gland" that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed
      - Anterior Lobe
        
        makes and releases hormones under the control of the hypothalamus
      - Posterior Lobe
        
        stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus, such as antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, and releases them to the rest of the body as necessary
      - Oxytocin
        
        stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk "let down" or ejection from alveoli
      - Antidiuretic Hormone
        
        regulates fluid balance by increasing body fluid volume and decreasing urine output
  - - - located in front of thyroid cartilage or Adam's apple
      - Thyroid hormone (Thyroxine, T3, and T4)
        
        controlled by TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)
        
        control the basal metabolic rate
      - Calcitonin
        
        decrease blood calcium levels
        
        allows the calcium to move in from blood and stored into bone
    - - located on backside of thyroid (4 little bumps)
      - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
        
        increases blood calcium levels
    - - piece of flesh that lies on top of heart
      - Thymosin Hormones
        
        stimulates the development of the T-cells involved in the immune response
    - - located behind stomach
      - controls blood sugar levels
      - Insulin
        
        decrease blood glucose
      - Glucagon
        
        increase blood glucose
    - - located on top of pancreas
      - Adrenal Cortex
        
        outer layer
        
        Glucocorticoids or cortisol
        
        responds to stress or injury and releases anti-inflammatory
        
        activated by ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
      - Adrenal Medulla
        
        inner layer
        
        Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
        
        stimulates the "fight or flight" response
    - - are egg-shaped organs that hang in a pouch of skin called the scrotum outside the male body.
      - Testosterone
        
        affects many of the male characteristics and sperm production.
        
        develops and maintains male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics
    - - located on both sides of the uterus below the opening of the fallopian tubes.
      - Estrogen
        
        Steroid hormones synthesized by the ovaries, develops and maintains female reproductive system and female secondary characteristics
      - Progesterone
        
        Steroid hormone synthesized by the ovaries, promotes maintenance of the endometrium; secreted by corpus luteum after ovulation, which is triggered by LH
  - - - stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release sex hormones
    - - both involved with development of ovaries and testes
    - - stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol
    - - stimulates growth during infancy and puberty
    - - initiates and maintains milk secretion
    - - control basal metabolic rate by releasing thyroxine
    - - stimulates production of melanin in the skin
- - - - effector organs- salivary glands, digestive and reproductive organs
        
        constricts pupil
        
        strong stimulation of salivary flow
        
        inhibits heart, dilates arterioles
        
        stimulates tear glands
        
        constricts bronchi
        
        stimulates stomach motility and secretion, stimulates pancreas
        
        stimulates intestinal motility
        
        contracts bladder
        
        stimulates erection
      - will kick in normal day activities: Remember "D"- digestion, defaction (pooping), and diuresis (urination)
  - - - effector organs- eyes, lungs, heart
        
        dilates pupil
        
        weak stimulation of salivary flow
        
        no effection tear glands
        
        accelerated heart, constricts arterioles
        
        inhibits intestinal motility
        
        dilates bronchi
        
        inhibits stomach motility and secretion, inhibits pancreas and adrenals
        
        relaxes bladder
        
        stimulates ejaculation
      - will kick in: Remember "E"- exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
- - - - Olfactory
        
        sensory nerve that functions in sense of smell
    - - Optic
        
        arises from retina of the eye and functions in vision
    - - Oculomotor
        
        mostly motor function- most of muscles of eye, eyelid, and pupillary constriction
    - - Trochlear
        
        superior oblique muscle of eye
    - - Trigeminal
        
        3 branches
        
        sensory- skin of face
        
        motor- chewing
    - - Abducens
        
        lateral rectus eye muscle abducts the eye
    - - Facial
        
        motor- muscles of facial expression
        
        sensory- taste
    - - Vestibulococholear
        
        sensory- hearing and equilibrium (balance)
    - - Glossopharyngeal
        
        motor- secretion of saliva
        
        sensory- taste, regulation of blood pressure, and proprioception of muscles involved in swallowing
    - - Vagus
        
        motor- smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, secretion of digestive fluids; heart, lungs
        
        sensory- form visceral organs it supplies and proprioception
        
        Sensation of chest and abdominal area
    - - Accessory
        
        motor- swallowing and movements of head
        
        sensory- proprioception
        
        head and neck movements
    - - Hypoglossal
        
        motor- movement of tongue during speech and swallowing
        
        sensory- proprioception
        
        speech