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Cardiovascular System (Conduction System of the Heart (The second system…
Cardiovascular System
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Cardiac Circulation
The coronary arteries branch from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart in the atrioventricular groove at the junction of the atria and ventricles.
The myocardium is drained by several cardia veins, which empty into an enlarged vessel on the backside of the heart called coronary sinus.
Situations in which the myocardium is deprived of oxygen often result in crushing chest pain called angina pectoris.
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Valves
The atrioventricular or AV Valves are located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side
The left AV Valve ---the bicuspid , or mitral, valve consists of two cusps, or flaps of endocardium.
The right AV valves, the tricuspid valve, has three cusps . Tiny white cords, the chordae tendineae literally , "heart strings" anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricles.
The second set of valves, the semilunar valves, guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers, thus known as pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves.
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Covering and Wall
The heart is enclosed by a double sac of serous membrane, the pericardium. The thin Visceral pericardium or epicardium, tightly hugs the external surface of the heart and is actually part of the heart wall.
Continuous at the heart base with the loosely applied parietal pericardium, which is reinforced on its superficial face by dense CT.
The myocardium consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements.
Endocardium is a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers.
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Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart (actually each ventricle) in 1 minute.
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Location and Size
apex: is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of the fifth intercostal space.
base: Broader posterosuperior aspect, from which the great vessels of the body emerge, points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath the second rib.
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Cardio Vascular: is much more than just the heart, and from a scientific and medical standpoint, it is important to understand why this system is so vital to life.
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