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PNS & Endocrine System (hormones and their functions (thyroid hormone,…
PNS & Endocrine System
names of all endocrine organs and their functions
pineal gland
which secretes melatonin, regulating sleep cycles, alternes, and temperature
hypothalamus
produces hormones stored in the posterior pituitary and hormones that affect the anterior pituitary
pituitary gland
secretes numerous hormones, some of which stimulate other endocrine glands
thyroid gland
inferior to the larynx and thyroid hormones control metabolic rate and decrease calcium levels in the blood
parathyroid glands
posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone, increasing blood calcium levels
pancreas
such as insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar levels
adrenal glands
superior to kidneys, producing epinephrine and hormones that control mineral balance, inflammation and metabolic functions
testes
produces testosterone, and beard growth
thymus
produce white blood cells that help fight illness, produces thymosin
ovaries
produces estrogen and progesterone, regulates female reproductive system, breast development
hormones and their functions
thyroid hormone
control the basal metabolic rate, controlled by TSH
calcitonin
decrease blood calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium levels
thymosin hormone
stimulates the development of the t-cells involved in the immune response
insulin
decreases blood glucose
glucagon
increases blood glucose
glucocorticuids or cortisol
responds to stress or injury and releases anti-flammatory
epinephrine (adrenaline)
stimulates the fight or flight response
antidiuretic hormone
regulates fluid balance by increasing body fluid volume and decreasing urine output
oxytocin
stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk "let down" or ejection from alveoli
follicle stimulating hormone
stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release sex hormones
luteinizing hormone
involved in the development of ovaries and testes
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates the adernal gland to release cortisol
human growth hormone
stimulates growth during infancy and puberty
prolactin
initiates and maintains milk
melanocyte stimulating hormone
stimulates production of melanin of the skin
divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
associated with the fight or flight
originates in the thoracolumbar (T1 through L2) segments of the spinal cord
synapses (junction between neurons) in ganglia near spinal cord
short pre-ganglia (nerve before synapse) and long postganglionic (nerve after synapse) neuron
neurotransmitters: epinephrine and nonrepinephrine
effector organs: eyes, lungs, heart, etc.
The Es: exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
parasympathetic nervous system
associated with the daily functions
originates in brainstem and sacral (S1 through S4)
synapses in ganglia near effector organ
long pre-ganglionic and short postganglionic neuron
neurotransmitters: Acetylocholine
effector organs: salivary glands, digestive, and reproductive organs
The Ds: digestion, defecation, and divresis (urination)
Names of Cranial Nerves and functions
optic (II)
arises from retina of the eye and functions in vision
olfactory (I)
sensory nerve that functions in sense of smell
oculomotor (III)
mostly motor function-most of muscles of eye, eyelid, and pupillary constriction
trochlear (IV)
superior oblique muscle of eye
trigeminal (V)
3 branches- motor: chewing; sensory: skin of face
Abducens (VI)
lateral rectus eye muscle abducts the eye
facial (VII)
motor to muscles of facial expression; sensory-taste
vestibulococholear (VIII)
sensory- hearing and equilibrium (balance)
glossopharyngeal (IX)
motor- secretion of saliva; sensory- taste, regulation of blood pressure and proprioception of muscle involved in swallowing
vagus (X)
motor- smooth muscle contraction and relaxation; secretion of digestive fluids; heart , lungs- parasympathetic innervation; sensory from visceral organs it supplies and propriception
accessory (XI)
motor- swallowing and movements of head; sensory- proprioception
hypoglossal (XII)
motor- movement of tongue during speech and swallowing; sensory- proprioception