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Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine System (Sympathetic Division (Effector…
Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine System
Cranial Nerves
Abducens(VI)
Lateral rectus eye muscle abducts the eye
Facial(VII)
Motor to muscles of facial expression; Sensory- taste
Trigeminal(V)
3 branches-- Motor- chewing; Sensory-skin of the face
Vestibulocochlear(VIII)
Sensory- hearing and equilibrium(balance)
Trochlear(IV)
Superior oblique muscle of the eye
Glossopharyngeal(IX)
Motor- secretion of saliva; Sensory- taste, regulation of blood pressure, and proprioception of muscles involved in swallowing
Oculomotor(III)
Mostly motor function-- most of the muscles of eye, eyelid, and pupillary constriction
Vagus(X)
Motor- smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, secretion of digestive fluids; heart, lungs-parasympathetic innervation; Sensory from visceral organs it supplies and proprioception
Olfactory(I)
Sensory nerve that functions in the sense of smell
Accessory(XI)
Motor- swallowing and movements of head; Sensory- proprioception
Optic(II)
Arises from retina of the eye and functions in vision
Hypoglossal(XII)
Motor- movement of tongue during speech and swallowing; Sensory- proprioception
Sympathetic Division
Synapses(Junction between neurons) in ganglia near spinal cord
Short pre-ganglionic(nerve before synapse) and long post-ganglionic(nerve after synapse neuron
Originates in the thoracolumbar(T1-L2) segments of the spinal cord
Remember "E"- Exercise, Excitement, Emergency, and Embarrassment
Constricts arterioles
Dilates bronchi
Accelerates heart
Inhibits stomach motility and secretion
Weak stimulation of salivary flow
Inhibits pancreas and adrenals
No effect on tear glands
Inhibits intestinal motility
Dilates pupil
Relaxes bladder
Effector Organs:
Eyes
Lungs
Heart
Stimulates ejaculation
Neurotransmitters:
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Endocrine Organs and Glands
Thyroid Gland
(Thyroxine,T3 and T4) Control the basal metabolic rate
Controlled by TSH
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)- increased blood calcium levels
Pituitary Gland
"Master Gland" that signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed
Human Growth Hormone(hGH)
Stimulates growth during infancy and puberty
Prolactin
Initiates and maintains milk secretion
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)
Control basal metabolic rate by releasing thyroxine
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone(MSH)
Stimulates production of melanin in the skin
Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH)
Stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release sex hormones
Luteinizing Hormone(LH)
Both involved with development of ovaries and testes
Thymus Gland
Thymosin Hormone- Stimulates the development of the T-cells involved in the immune response
Hypothalamus
Produces hormones that stimulates the Pituitary Gland
Pancreas
Controls blood sugar levels(Diabetes)
Insulin
Decreases blood glucose
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Controls sleep cycles, alertness and temperature
Adrenal Gland
Glucocorticoids or Cortisol- Responds to stress or injury and releases anti-inflammatory
Activated by ACTH
Adrenal Cortex- Outer Layer
Adrenal Medulla- Inner layer
Epinephrine(Adrenaline)- Stimulates the "Fight or Flight" response
Anterior Lobe
Makes and releases hormones under the control of the hypothalamus
Posterior Lobe
Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus such as Anti-Diuretic Hormone and Oxytocin, and releases them to the rest of the body as necessary
Oxytocin
Stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and milk "let down" or ejaculation from alveoli
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
(ADH) regulates fluid balance by increasing body fluid volume and decreasing urine output
Parasympathetic Division
Originates in Brainstem and Sacral (S1-S4)
Synapses in Ganglia near effector organ
Long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic neuron
Remember "D"- Digestion, Defecation, and Diuresis(urination)
Dilates arterioles
Constricts bronchi
Inhibits heart
Stimulates stomach motility and secretion
Strong stimulation of salivary flow
Stimulates pancreas
Stimulates tear glands
Stimulates intestinal motility
Constricts pupil
Contracts bladder
Effector Organs:
Salivary glands
Reproductive organs
Digestive organs
Stimulates erection
Neurotransmitters:
Acetycholine