PNS and Endocrine System
Cranial Nerves:
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System:
Endocrine Organs
Effects of Parasympathetic and sympathetic on Organs
i. Olfactory:
The spinal cord is the connection between the brain and the brainstem to the rest of the body
extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra in adults
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and two enlargements
2 enlargements
cervical enlargement: (C4-T1) nerves to and from upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement: (T9-T12) nerves to and from lower limbs
2 grooves divide the spinal cord:
Anterior median fissure: (deeper; front)
Posterior median sulcus: (smaller)
The grey matter (unmyelinated) forms the "H" center and the white matter surrounds it
The 2 spinal nerves that extend out from the spinal cord are: Dorsal roots and Ventral roots
The 2 roots join to become the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
The grey matter divided into 2 horns:
Top Portion: Posterior and dorsal horns are located in the back and they are sensory
Lateral Horns: Are located on the side cell bodies of motor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.
Part of the autonomic nervous system (helps control organs, digestion breathing and heart rate)
Anterior/ventral horns: Cell bodies of motor and neurons to skeletal muscles (motor)
Central Canal ( center of the grey commissure): It is an opening for blood flow and spinal fluid. It is also continuous with the fourth ventricle
It nourishes the spinal fluid
White matter is divided into columns: It has anterior, posterior and lateral white columns. Each tract carries one type of information (sensory or motor)
Ascending Sensory tract: Impulses towards brain
Descending Motor tract: Impulses from brain.
White matter tracts serve as info highways to and from the brain
Gray matter receives and integrates info especially for spinal reflexes
ii. Optic:
iii. Oculomotor:
iv. Trochlear:
v. Trigeminal:
vi. Abducens:
vii. Facial:
viii. Vestibulococholear:
ix. Glossopharyngeal:
x. Vagus:
xi. Accessory:
xii. Hypoglossal:
Sensory nerve that receives the sense of smell and sends it to the brain
Takes visual impulses from the eye (arises from retina of the eye) sensory
mostly takes motor impulses to several muscles that move the eye. (most of the muscles of the eyelid, eye and pupillary constriction)
motor; it takes motor impulses to the superior oblique muscle of the eye. passes through loop called trochlea
large nerve located laterally in the pons. It is a mixed nerve that contains 3 branches.
lateral rectus abducts the eye. It is posterior to the trigeminal and is located exiting the brain between the pons and medulla oblongata. It is a motor nerve to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Located on the anterior portion of the medulla oblongata. It is both a sensory and motor nerve to the face and the tongue (taste).
Sensory; hearing and equilibrium
secretion of saliva ( motor); taste, regulation of blood pressure, and proprioception of muscles involved in swallowing (sensory)
mixed nerve carrying both motor and sensory nerves
motor nerve to the tongue
It is a motor nerve to the neck muscles
Coverings:
Endoneurium: surrounds individual neurons
Perineurium: Surrounds Fascicles (bundle nerve fibers)
Epineurium: surrounds entire nerve
Parasympathetic:
Sympathetic:
Associated with daily body functions
Associated with "fight or flight" responses
It is a branch of the Peripheral Nervous System
Contains the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic is associated with the daily body functions
sympathetic Nervous system is associated with fight or flight response
Neurotransmitters: epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Effector organs: Eyes, heart, lungs, etc
Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment
Neurotransmitters: Acetylocholine
Digestion, defecation and diuresis
Pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
melatonin
human growth hormone