PNS and Endocrine System

Cranial Nerves:

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System:

Endocrine Organs endocrine

Effects of Parasympathetic and sympathetic on Organs

i. Olfactory:

The spinal cord is the connection between the brain and the brainstem to the rest of the body Screen Shot 2019-01-21 at 10.32.19 PM

extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra in adults

there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and two enlargements

2 enlargements

cervical enlargement: (C4-T1) nerves to and from upper limbs

Lumbar enlargement: (T9-T12) nerves to and from lower limbs

2 grooves divide the spinal cord:

Anterior median fissure: (deeper; front)

Posterior median sulcus: (smaller)

The grey matter (unmyelinated) forms the "H" center and the white matter surrounds it

The 2 spinal nerves that extend out from the spinal cord are: Dorsal roots and Ventral roots

The 2 roots join to become the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

The grey matter divided into 2 horns:

Top Portion: Posterior and dorsal horns are located in the back and they are sensory

Lateral Horns: Are located on the side cell bodies of motor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.
Part of the autonomic nervous system (helps control organs, digestion breathing and heart rate)

Anterior/ventral horns: Cell bodies of motor and neurons to skeletal muscles (motor)

Central Canal ( center of the grey commissure): It is an opening for blood flow and spinal fluid. It is also continuous with the fourth ventricle
It nourishes the spinal fluid

White matter is divided into columns: It has anterior, posterior and lateral white columns. Each tract carries one type of information (sensory or motor)

Ascending Sensory tract: Impulses towards brain

Descending Motor tract: Impulses from brain.

White matter tracts serve as info highways to and from the brain

Gray matter receives and integrates info especially for spinal reflexes

ii. Optic:

iii. Oculomotor:

iv. Trochlear:

v. Trigeminal:

vi. Abducens:

vii. Facial:

viii. Vestibulococholear:

ix. Glossopharyngeal:

x. Vagus:

xi. Accessory:

xii. Hypoglossal:

Sensory nerve that receives the sense of smell and sends it to the brain

Takes visual impulses from the eye (arises from retina of the eye) sensory

mostly takes motor impulses to several muscles that move the eye. (most of the muscles of the eyelid, eye and pupillary constriction)

motor; it takes motor impulses to the superior oblique muscle of the eye. passes through loop called trochlea

large nerve located laterally in the pons. It is a mixed nerve that contains 3 branches.

lateral rectus abducts the eye. It is posterior to the trigeminal and is located exiting the brain between the pons and medulla oblongata. It is a motor nerve to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Located on the anterior portion of the medulla oblongata. It is both a sensory and motor nerve to the face and the tongue (taste).

Sensory; hearing and equilibrium

secretion of saliva ( motor); taste, regulation of blood pressure, and proprioception of muscles involved in swallowing (sensory)

mixed nerve carrying both motor and sensory nerves

motor nerve to the tongue

It is a motor nerve to the neck muscles

Coverings:

Endoneurium: surrounds individual neurons

Perineurium: Surrounds Fascicles (bundle nerve fibers)

Epineurium: surrounds entire nerve

Parasympathetic:

Sympathetic:

Associated with daily body functions

Associated with "fight or flight" responses

It is a branch of the Peripheral Nervous System

Contains the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic is associated with the daily body functions

sympathetic Nervous system is associated with fight or flight response

Neurotransmitters: epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Effector organs: Eyes, heart, lungs, etc

Exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Neurotransmitters: Acetylocholine

Digestion, defecation and diuresis

Pineal gland

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

melatonin

human growth hormone