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Dylan Essex Block 2 Mindmap 8 (Asexual Reproduction (Direct Contact…

- - - - Only in Eukaryotes
      - Prophase->Metaphase->Anaphase->Telophase->Cytokinesis-
        
        Prophase is when the nucleus dissolves and the centrioles polarize and start to form spindle fibers
        
        Metaphase is when the diploid chromosomes align and are attached to by spindle fibers
        
        Anaphase is when the chromosomes are pulled apart and dragged to opposite sides by the spindle fibers
        
        Telophase is when new nuclei start to form and the spindle fibers dissolve
        
        Cytokinesis is when the cell membrane pinches apart, creating two new cells
      - After Cytokinesis Cells enter interphase
        
        G1->S->G2->M
        
        Growth 2 is when the cell grows again after synthesis
        
        From Synthesis the cell enters mitosis
        
        Synthesis is when the chromosomes and centrosome is/are duplicated
        
        Gap 1 is when the cell grows after being freshly formed. After this phase it can either enter rest or continue to S phase
        
        Cell Cycle checkpoints
        
        G2 Checkpoint
        
        Checks for completion of DNA replication, DNA damage (p53), and cell size
        
        If cyclin levels are high enough in respect to CDK, Mitotic promoting factor is produced, allowing cell to enter mitosis
        
        M-Spindle Checkpoint
        
        Checks for chromosome attachment to spindle fibers
        
        APC degrades cyclin and activates seperase to destroy cohesion, allowing chromosomes to be pulled apart
        
        G1 Checkpoint
        
        Before entering S phase, checkpoint proteins assure that the cell has grown, and possesses growth factors
        
        P53 Also checks for DNA damage
    - - In Prokaryotes, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria
      - The chromosomal ring is duplicated
      - The cell divides into two equal daughter cells
  - - - In Prokaryotes and Fungi
      - Single Daughter cell forms as an outgrowth(bud)
      - Daughter cell smaller
- - - - In Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
        
        Lytic Cycle
        
        The Phage injects DNA into cell
        
        Cell reads DNA, synthesizes new phages, and dies and ruptures releasing new phages
        
        Lysogenic cycle
        
        Phage injects DNA into cell
        
        DNA integrates into the cell's chromosomes, forming a prophage
        
        Prophage duplicates
        
        Recombinant event causes phage DNA to separate, entering Lytic cycle
  - - - Prokaryotes only
      - When two strains of arg+ trp- and arg-trp+ bacteria are in the same medium, and mix DNA from each other's dead cells to produce a new strain of bacteria
  - - - Only in Eukaryotic Gametes
        
        Meiosis 1
        
        Just like mitosis except diploid chromosomes stay diploid and are distributed evenly between two daughter cells
        
        Meiosis II
        
        No interphase, each daughter cell undergoes the stages of mitosis to produce 2 haploid daughter cells (gametes)
        
        4 gametes total from each cell
    - - In Prokaryotes only
      - A cell that has the F factor gene (F+) will share the gene with another F- cell through the conjugation pilus
      - It can also absorb the F factor (HFr cell) and share part of its chromosome with another F- cell, resulting in an F' cell.