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PREHISTORY (Ages and sources of prehistory (1.2 the division (Stone Age…
PREHISTORY
Ages and sources of prehistory
1.2 the division
Stone Age
Paleolithic
Use oldest technique of manufacturing stone
Neolithic
Stonecutting was perfected
Metal Ages
Tools made out of metal
Copper
Bronze
Iron
1.3 The sources
Human remains
Bones
Pottery
No written documents
1.1 Time and science of history
History is the study of humanity's past
social
Cultural
Economic
Artistic
Political
2 eras
Prehistorical
Historical
Separated by the invention of writing
Paleolithic period (2)
Tribal society
Tribes
Formed by twenty to thirty people
Stronger warrior
Shaman
healer
Spiritual life
Belief in power of natural elements
Moon
Stars
Sun
Magic rituals
Influence natural forces
Influence spirits to gain protection
Veneration of the dead
Life after dead
Birth of art
Portable art
On stone or on bone
Decorated reliefs
Venus figures
Cave paintings
At the end of the paleolithic
Representations
Animals
Scenes of hunting
Rituals
Hands
Origin and evolution of human beings
1.2 Hominid features
Biological changes
Biped mode of walking
Opposable thumbs
Increased brain and skull size
1.3 Human evolution
Hominids
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
homo erectus
Neanderthalensis
homo sapiens
Cause
Climatic change
Caused a transition from a humis tropical climate
1.1 The problem of our origin
theory of evolution
Charles Darwin
Human beings evolved from primates
It was believed that we appear on Earth with our current form
Metal ages (1)
Metallurgical peoples
Metalworking
The first metalworking was copper
Second was bronce
Last was iron
Gave greater superiority
Economic activities
Agriculture and livestock farming continued to provide economy
Artisan production continued to manufacture textiles
Trade developed due the need to obtain metals
New techniques
Forge
Foundry
Heated metals in a furnace
Variety of tools
Swords
Axes
Shields
Bowls
Inventions
Wheel
Revolutionised transport and pottery production
Plough
Sail
Paleolithic period (1)
Hunters
People inhabited Africa
They moved to Europe and Asia
Live was difficult
Effort was focus on finding food
They had to adapt to the glacial periods
Predatory economy
Way of feeding was predatory
Based on
Collecting fruits
Fishing
Hunting
Nomadic live
Constantly moved from place to place
To hunt
Summer
They live in open air
Close to rivers
Winter
They refuge in caves
Technological contributions
Stone tools
Carving techniques
For example
Arrows
Knives
Axes
Fire
Discovered 1.5 million years ago
Uses
Cooking
Light
Heat
Neolithic period
Agriculture and livestock farming
Climatic change
They had to adapt to climate
Agriculture and livestock farming began
Fertile Crescent
Productive economy
Hunting prey become scarce
Agriculture
Seeds grew into new plants
Livestock farming
Confining animals
Meat source
Sedentary way of life
Hamlets and farming settelments arose
Banks of rivers
Became cities
Contributions and inventions
Tools were made of stone
To work on stone they use
Grinding and polishing
Pottery and woven textiles
Metal ages (2)
Art
Megalithic monuments
Menhir
Large stones placed vertically on the ground
Sometimes menhirs were set out in a row
Stone row
Cromlech
Menhirs placed on a circle
Stonehenge
Dolmens
Large vertical stones roofed over with horizontal stones
Social transformations
Population increased
More small cities
Walls and defensive purposes
Because of wars
New roles
Metalworker
Trader
Merchants