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Eye and The Endocrine Evelin Morales Period 5 (Organs and their…
Eye and The Endocrine
Evelin Morales Period 5
The Eye
Major structures
Sclera- fibrous "white" part of eye
Choroid- dark pigment layer (under the sclera)
Pupil- opening that lets light into eye
Dim light= pupil becomes big
Cornea- transparent covering
Bright light= pupil is small
Iris
smooth muscle
come in different colors but only contain brown pigment
lots of pigment= brown or black
circular muscle; controls the size of pupil
less pigment = blue or green or gray
Ciliary Body- controls shape of lens
Functions
Sclera- protects , gives the eye its shape, and attaches muscle to the eye.
Vitreous Humor- helps to maintain the shape of the eye; carries debris away from eye.
Cornea- helps eye focus.
Retina- where all the action takes place. Receptors that translates light impulses into neural. Contains photoreceptors to recieve sensory information.
Fatty Tissue- cushions and protects the eye.
Choroid- carries oxygen and nutrients to eye.
Optic Nerve- taking images recieved by the retina and transmitting them to the brain.
Lens- is responsible for focusing images from the environment onto the retina of the eye.
Ciliary Body- controls lens.
Pupil- it's size is controlled using iris and allows light in.
Iris- controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
Tapetum Lucidum- reflects light onto the retina in levels of low light, allowing animals to see in the dark.
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Graves disease: Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism.
Goiter:The thyroid iodine to produce T3 and T4. Lack of iodine can lead to goiter- swelling of the thyroid.
Hypothyroidism
under- active thyroid.
can cause cretinism- dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain child- like.
Diabetes Mellitus: (Type 1 diabetes):
beta cells don't make insulin leading to blood sugar being too high (Normal is 80- 120 mg/dL).
cells burn fat or protein instead of sugar.
sugar leaks into urine.
weakens immune system.
can damage nerves.
Type II diabetes
80% of people with this form are overweight.
body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to it.
eventually, insulin production decreases.
Cushing's Disease
cortisol is normally produced by adrenal cortex.
too much cortisol in your body for a prolonged period of time.
Major functions of the endocrine system
is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids.
hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on target cells some distance away.
works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
the body has two kinds of glands, exocrine glands(secretes products into ducts) and endocrine glands (secrete products into body fluids to affect target cells).
other types of cell secretions are paracrine (affect neighboring cells) and autocrines (affect itself).
Organs and their functions
Optic Nerve- taking images received by the retina and transmitting them to the brain.
Fat Tissue- cushions and protects the eye.
Cornea- the front of the eye reveals a light blue or cloudy structure.
Pupil- it's size is controlled using the iris.
Sclera- protects and gives the eye its shape.
Iris- controls the amount of light that enters the eye.
Aqueous Humor- a fluid that helps to retain the shape of the cornea.
Ciliary Muscles- located around the perimeter of the iris that attach to the lens.
Inferior Oblique/Rectus- moves the eye up, down and side to side.
Lens- is responsible for focusing images from the environment onto the retina of the eye.
Super Oblique/ Rectus- moves the eye up, down and side to side.
Vitreous Humor- helps to maintain the shape of the eye.
Retina- where all the action takes place. Receptors that translate's light impulses into neural inputs.
Rods- work to help us see in dim light and do not perceive color.the many blood vessels necessary to bring oxygen and nutrients to the back of the eye so that it can function.
Cones- are colorblind and may only be able to perceive certain colors or no colors.
Blind Spot- lacks any sight receptors.
Tapetum Lucidum- reflects light onto the retina in levels of low light, allowing animals to see in the dark.
Choroid Layer-
Major functions of the hormone and there target.
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)- reduces inflammation and immune response. Target- inflammation, proteins and lipids.
Prolactin (PRL)- stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk. Target: bones and muscles and mammary glands.
Oxytocin- stored and later released, triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breast feeding. Target- uterine.
Antidiuretic Hormones (Vasopressin) (ADH)- prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to sweat glands. Target- kidneys.
Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine) (TH)- T3 and T4 work together to regulate the body's metabolic rates. Increased levels at T3 and T4 lead to increase cellular activity and energy usage in the body. Target- all cells.
Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH)- stimulates the follicle cells of the glands to produce gametes- ova in females and sperm in males. Target- follicle cells.
Aldosterone (mineralocrticoids)- are a group of hormones that help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body. Target- kidney.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone- stimulates the adrenal cortex, the outer part of the adrenal gland, to produce its hormone. Target- adrenal cortex.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- stimulates the glands to produce sex hormones- estrogens in females and testosterone in males Target- ovulation females and glands..
Calcitonin- to reduce the concentration of calcium ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into the matrix of bones. Target: bones and calcium.
Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH)- is a tropic hormone responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland. Target- thyroid gland.
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)- triggers the kidneys to return calcium ions filtered out of the blood to the bloodstream so that it is conserved Target: bones and kidneys..
Growth Hormone- it stimulates their growth, repair, and reproduction. Target: bones and muscles.
Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine- both of these hormones help to increase the floe of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the "fight- or- flight: response to stress. Target: bones and stress.
Insulin- responsibile for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal.