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Eye and Endorcrine System Britney Escalante Period 5 (Structure/Functions…
Eye and Endorcrine System Britney Escalante Period 5
Structure/Functions of the Eye
sclera- fibrous "white" part of eye
choroid - dark pigment layer (under the sclera)
cornea - transparent covering
pupil - opening that lets light into the eye
iris - circular muscle; controls size of the pupil
lens - focuses light rays
ciliary body (muscle) - controls shape of lenses
fat tissue - cushions and protects the eye
superior oblique/rectus - top tissie, several extrinsic muscle
inferior oblique/rectus - bottom, several extrinsic muscle
lateral/medial rectus - muscles that move the eye up, down and side to side
optic nerve - takes images that sends to the brain by the retina in electrical impulses
aqueous humor - fluid that helps to retain the shape of the cornea
vitreous humor - helps maintain shape of the eye
retina - where action takes place
blind spot - entry to optic nerve on the retina, insensitive to light
rods - helps us see dim light & doesn't preceive color
tapetum lucidum - reflect light onto the retina in levels of low light, allowing animals to see in the dark
choroid layer - keeps blood vessels necessary for oxygen & nutrients to the back of the eye so it can function
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
works with nervous system to maintain homeostasis
made up of cells, tissues, & organs that secretes hormones into body fluids
hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to get target cells some distance away
has exocrine glands that secretes products into ducts
has endocrine glands that secrete products into body fluids to affect target cells
endocrine system communicates with cells using chemicals called hormones
glands play a big role in the endocrine system there are many glands in the endocrine system which are pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal, reproductive (ovaries & testes), thymus glands, and other hormone secreting tissues
hormones are steroids, amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins
steroid hormones are made of cholesterol , are lipid - soluble & can pass through cell membranes
Major Glands/Organs/ and Hormone Functions of the ES
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone (GH) - target ; liver & adipose tissue function: promotes growth (indirectly), control of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - target ; thyroid gland function: stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
Andrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) - target ; adrenal gland (cortex) function : stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
Prolactin (PRL) - target ; mammary gland function: milk production
Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) - target ; ovary & testis function: control of reproductive function
Luteinizing Homone (LH) - target ; ovary & testis function: control of reproductive function
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) (ADH) - target ; kidney function: conservation of body water
Oxytocin - target ; ovary & testis function: stimulates milk ejection & uterine contractions
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine) (TH) - target ; body function: T3 & T4 work together to regulate the body's metabolic rate, increased cellular activity & energy usage in the body
Calcitonin - target ; body function: reduce concentration of calcium ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium in to the matrix of the bones
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - target ; kidney's & intestine function: stimulates osteostasis to break down the calcium containing bone matrix to release calcium ions into bloodstream
Adrenal Cortex/Medulla Gland
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine - target ; interact with any target cell that had adrenergic receptors function: help increase blood flow to the brain & muscles to improve the "fight or flight" response to stress.. increase heart rate & blood pressure
Cortisol (glucocorticoids) target ; breakdown of protein & lipids to produce glucose reduce inflammation & immune response
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids) target ; kidney function: help regulate concentration of mineral ions in the body
Pancreas (Islets)
Insulin target ; most body/liver cells function: lowering blood glucose levels after a meal. Triggers absorption of glucose from blood into cells, where its
Glucagon - target ; liver function: raising blood glucose levels breakdown poly sacchoroide glycoqn to release glucose into the blood stream
Ovaries/Testes
Estrogen target - uterus function: produce female sex hormones pregeterone & estrogens,uterine developmet, breasts, growth of pubic hair, increase growth bones that lead to height
Progesterone target - uterus function: maintains appropriate conditions in human body to support & develop fetus
Testes target - spermatogenesis in the testis function: growth & increase in strength of bones & muscles, controls growth & development or sex organs & body hair in males
Pineal/Thymus Gland
Melatonin target - brain function: causeshumans to feel drowsy at night when pineal glands are active
Thymosin target - certain immune cells function: help to train & develop T-lymphocytes retal development & childhood
Diseases associated with ED
diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) - beta cells dont make insulin leading to blood sugar being too high , cells burn fat or protein instead of sugar , weakens immune system , can damage nerves
Type 2 Diabetes - body produces insulin , but the cells do not respond to it, eventually insulin production decreases
Cushings Disease -too much cortisol in your body for prolonged period of times , normally produced by adrenal cortex, causes tumor in pituitary,lungs,pancreas,kidney, or adrenal cortex
Gigantism - can reach up to 8 feet , hypersection of GH is usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor
Dwarfism - may reach up to 4 feet , hyposecretion of GH
Goiter - thyroid needs iodine to produce T3 and T4, swelling of the thyroid
hypothyroidism - under active thyroid , causes fatigue, weaknesses, weight gain or difficulty losing weight
cretinism - dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain child like