Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
The Eye and the Endocrine System, Luis Madrigal P.5 (Diseases associated…
The Eye and the Endocrine System, Luis Madrigal P.5
Major structures and
functions of the eye
Sclera
fibrous “white” part of eye
Choroid
dark pigment layer (under the sclera)
Cornea
transparent covering
Pupil
opening that lets light into eye
Dim light-pupil becomes big
Bright light-pupil is small
Iris
circular muscle; controls the size of pupil
Lens
focuses light rays onto forvea
Ciliary Body (muscle)
controls shape of lens
Aqueous Humors
Water fluid
Vitreous Humor
jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape
Retina
layer of sensory receptors
Fovea
small depression of high concentration of cones
Optic Disc
region with no receptors
Conjunctiva
mucous membrane covering the surface of the sclera
Major functions of the endocrine system
Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete
hormones into body fluids.
Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on target cells some distance away.
The body has two kinds of glands
Exocrine (secretes products into ducts)
Endocrine (secrete products into body fluids to affect target cells).
The endocrine system’s function is to communicate with cells using chemicals called hormones.
Endocrine glands and their hormones regulate a number of metabolic processes within cells,
Their actions are precise, they only affect specific target cells.
Major glands/organs and their
functions
Hypothalamus
Works on releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body
Pineal Gland
Produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.
Pituitary Gland
The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone production.
Thyroid
The thyroid regulates your metabolism.
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone regulates the body’s calcium levels.
Thymus
Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells.
Adrenal
The adrenal glands are two glands that sit on top of your kidneys that are made up of two distinct parts.
Pancreas
The pancreas maintains the body’s blood glucose (sugar) balance.
Ovaries
The ovaries maintain the health of the female reproductive system.
Testes
The testes secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys.
Names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions
Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone
Stimulates growth
TSH
Stimulates thyroid gland
ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex
PRL
Stimulates mammary glands
FSH
Stimulates follicle cells
LH
stimulates Gonads
Posterior Pituitary
ADH
prevents water loss in the body
Oxytocin
Triggers uterine contractions
Thyroid Gland
TH
Regulates body's metabolic rate
Calcitonin
Reduces the concentration of calcium
Parathyroid Gland
PTH
Stimulates osteoclasts
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol
Breakdown of proteins
Aldosterone
regulates minerals
Pancreas
Insulin
Lowers the glucose levels in our blood
Glucagon
Releases glucose into the bloodstream
Testes
Testoterone
Produces sex hormones
Ovaries
Estrogen
Releases estrogen into the body
Progesterone
Develops the fetus
Pineal Gland
melatonin
Sleep cycle
Diseases
associated with the endocrine system
Cataracts
Clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted
Glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve causes progressive loss, eventually leads to blindness
Hyperopia
Can see distant objects well but distant objects appear blurry
Astigmatism
Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea
Myopia
Can see close objects well but distant objects appear blurry
Color blindness
Inability to perceive colors due to defective cones
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjuctiva usually from bacteria
Hypersecretion
•In children results in gigantism
•In adults results in acromegaly
Hyposecretion
•In children results in pituitary dwarfism
Hyperthyroidism
May be genetic or caused by
tumor on thyroid
too much
thyroxine
Graves Disease
Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Goiter
swelling of the thyroid
Diabetes mellitus type I
beta cells don’t make insulin leading to
blood sugar being too high
Diabetes mellitus type II
Body produces insulin, but the cells
do not respond to it
Cushing's Disease
Too much cortisol in your body for a prolonged period of time