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The Eye and the Endocrine System Rafael Uriarte Period 5 (Names of the…
The Eye and the Endocrine System Rafael Uriarte Period 5
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Goiter
The thyroid needs iodine to produce T3 and T4. Lack of iodine can lead to goiter – swelling of the thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
May be genetic or caused by tumor on thyroid – too much thyroxine causing: High metabolic rate, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss, Nervousness
Hypothyroidism
Under-active thyroid
Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, weight gain or difficulty losing weight.
Can cause dwarfism in which adult body proportions remain child-like
Imbalance of GH
Hypersecretion of GH is usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor
Diabetes type 1
beta cells don’t make insulin leading to blood sugar being too high (Normal is 80- 120 mg/dL). High can reach 900 mg/dL or more
Cells burn fat or protein instead of sugar •Sugar leaks into urine
•Weakens immune system
•Can damage nerves
Causes
Diabetes type 2
Body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to it. Eventually, insulin production decreases
And 80% of people with this form are overweight
Major glands/organs and their functions
Thyroid
to regulate your metabolism, which is your body’s ability to break down food and convert it to energy
Parathyroid
regulates the body’s calcium levels.
Pineal
The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.
Adrenal(suprarenal)
secreting the hormone adrenaline, which rapidly prepares your body to spring into action in a stressful situation.
Hypophysis(Pituitary)
The hormones of the pituitary gland help regulate the functions of other endocrine glands. Has two parts the anterior lobe and posterior lobes that have two very separate functions.
Pancreas
pancreas has the dual function of secreting hormones into blood (endocrine) and secreting enzymes through ducts (exocrine).
Testis
secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys.
Ovary
maintain the health of the female reproductive system. secrete two main hormones—estrogen and progesterone.
Names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
To produce its hormones
Prolactin
To produce breast milk
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Tropic hormone responsible for the simulation of the thyroid gland
Follicle stimulating hormone
Stimulates the follicle cells
Growth Hormone
Growth of the body’s bones and muscles
Luteninizing hormone
Produce sex hormone estrogen in females and testosterone in males
Antidouretic hormone (vasopressin ) (ADH)
Reduces blood flow to sweat glands and prevents water loss in the body by increasing of water in kidneys
Oxytocin
Triggers contractions and release of milk during breastfeeding
Thyroid hormone (thyroxine and triiodothyronine)
Regulate the body’s metabolic rate
Calcitonin
Reduce the concentration of calcium ions in the blood by aiding the absorption of calcium into the matrix of bones
Parathyroid hormine
Breakdown calcium containing bone matrix to release free calcium ions into the bloodstream. Returns calcium ions filtered out of the blood back to the bloodstream to be conserved.
Cortisol(glucocorticoids)
Breakdown of proteins and lipids to produce glucose and reduces inflammation and inmune response
Aldosterone(mineralocorticoids)
Regulates the concentration of mineral ions in the body
Epinephrine/norepinephrine
Increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the “fight or flight” response to stress
Insulin
Lowering blood glucose levels after a meal and triggers absorption of glucose from blood into cells
Glucagon
Breakdown the polysaccharide glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream
Testosterone
Start of puberty for for males
Estrogen
Primary female sex hormones, breast development, uterine development, growth of pubic hair and adult height.
Progesterone
Maintains appropriate conditions in the human body to support a developing fetus
Melatonin
Helps regulate the human sleep-wake cycle. Cause you to get sleepy
Thymosin
Help and train to develop T-lymphocytes during fetal growth and childhood and protects the body.
Major functions of the endocrine system
works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids then hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on target cells some distance away
Major structures and functions of the eye
Choroid
dark pigment layer (under the sclera)
Ciliary body
controls shape of lens
Retina
layer of sensory receptor cells
Lens
focuses light rays onto fovea
Vitreous humor
Jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape
Fatty tissue
Cushions the eye
Iris
circular muscle; controls the size of pupil
Optic nerve
Sends sensory information to the brain
Pupil
opening that lets light into eye
Sclera
fibrous “white” part of eye
Tapetum lucidum
Reflects light into the retina in levels of low light
Cornea
transparent covering
Detects and responds to electromagnetic radiation (visible light)
Function
Structures