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CELL BIOLOGY (Eukaryotes and prokaryotes (Eukaryotic cells have their…
CELL BIOLOGY
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Bacterial division
Bacteria multiply by simple cell division (binary fission) and this can be carried out once every 20 minutes in the right conditions
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Sizes of cells
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centi=1/100th milli=1/1000th micro=1/1,000,000th nano=1/1,000,000,000th
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Microscopy
LIGHT MICROSCOPES: Limited magnification, Limited resolution
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES: Higher magnification, Higher resolution
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Cell division by mitosis
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CELL DIVISION: DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome
MITOSIS: One set of chromosomes goes to either end of THE CELL
Cell membrane and cytoplasm divide to form 2 identical cells
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water particles from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution across a partially permeable membrane
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Active transport
Moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution against the concentration gradient
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Surface area:volume
As organisms get larger, surface area:volume decreases rapidly
This is a problem for multi-cellular organisms as the surface area is not large enough for the volume. So for e.g. in fish the gills help blood to flow. Deoxygenated blood flows into the filament, oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood and oxygenated blood returns to the body.
Order of magnitude
Every order of magnitude is 10x more than the previous one e.g. 10x, 100x, 1000x
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Nucleus=carries genetic material
Cytoplasm=chemical reactions take place
Cell membrane=controls what enters and leaves
Mitochondria=aerobic respiration
Ribosomes=protein synthesis
Chloroplasts=contain chlorophyll, photosynthesis
Cell wall=cellulose, strengthens cell
Vacuole=cell sap, gives shape to plant
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