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Eye and the Endocrine System Samantha Mauricio Pd 2 (Major structures and …
Eye and the Endocrine System Samantha Mauricio Pd 2
Major structures and
functions of the eye
Choroid
F: Houses blood vessels to bring nutrients and oxygen to the back of the eye
Optic Nerve
F: Takes images received by the retina and transmitts them to the brain in the form of electrical impulses
Retina
F: Its where the sight receptors translate light impulses into neural inputs that the brain can then interpret as images
Sclera
F: the tough covering which protects the eye and gives its the shape
Vitreous Humor
F: Maintains the shape of the eye
Iris
F: Controls amount of light that enters the eye and also the color of the eye
Pupil
F: Size controlled by using iris
Fatty Tissue
F: Cushions and protects the eye
Lens
F: Focuses images from the environment
Cornea
F: Provides assistance in focusing images images onto the retina as well as gives protection
Ciliary Muscle
F: Controls the size of the lens
Ciliary Body
F: Controls the size of the lens
Tapetum Lucidum
F: Reflects light onto the Retina in levels of low light
superior oblique/ rectus
F:externic muscle that moves the eye up
Inferior oblique/rectus
F: Embedded tissue on the bottom of the eye
lateral/ medial rectus
F: Inside muscle of the eye
Aqueous Humor
F: Also helps maintain the shape of the eye
Blind spot
F: the area where the retina attaches
Rods
F: Work to help see in dim light
Cones
F: Perceive the range of color in sight
Major functions of the endocrine system
To maintain homeostasis (controls homeostasis by secreting hormones into capillaries and transports them throughout the body in the blood) by
Resisting stress
Maintaining pH and body fluid balance
Using food to produce energy
Regulating Growth
Regulating reproduction
Major glands/organs and their
functions
Hypothalamus
Functions
Secretion of hormones is regulated by the hypothalamus of the brain
Main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Directs the release of hormones by its interactions with the pituitary gland (controls pituitary gland)
Thyroid Gland
Functions
Affects metabolism
Controls how quickly the body uses energy
Makes proteins
Controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones
Pancreas
Functions
Regulates amount of sugar in the blood
Secretes hormones designed to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy
Parathyroids
F: help regulate level of calcium in the blood
Adrenal Gland
Functions
Involved in metabolism, the immune system, and sexual development and function
Produce hormones that regulate salt and water balance in the body
Pineal Gland
F: secretes melatonin
Reproductive Organs
Testes
F: In males; responsible for testosterone and producing sperm cells for reproduction
Ovaries
F: In Females; are responsible for releasing estrogen and producing egg cells for reproduction
Pituitary Gland
Functions
Responsible for controlling the body's growth
Controls ovulation and the menstrual cycle
Secretes some hormones which affect other glands
Secretes hormones that influence our responses to pain as well as hormones that signal the ovaries and testes to make sex hormones
Names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
F: Increases blood levels of calcium (stimulates breakdown of bone and rate at which calcium is removed from urine and absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract)
Target: Kidney
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) )
F: Hormones T3 and T4 work together to regulate the body's metabolic rate
Target: All the body
Calcitonin
F: Produced by the thyroid gland and decreases the blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium deposit in the bones
Target: Bones
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) (ADH)
F: Prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to sweat glands
Target: Kidneys
Oxytocin
F: Triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and release of milk during breastfeeding
Target: Uterus
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
F: Helps to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
Target: Mineral ions
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
F:secreted from the adrenal cortex, aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels and suppressing immune system function
Target: Protein and lipids
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
F:Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce its hormone
Target: Adrenal Cortex
Prolactin (PRL)
F: Stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk
Target: Mammary Glands
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
F: Stimulation of thyroid gland
Target: Thyroid Gland
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
F: Stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes (ova= female) (testosterone=male)
Target: Reproductive Organs
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
F: Stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones (estrogen=female) (testosterone=male)
Target: Gonads
Growth Hormone (GH)
F: Affects size of an individual by promoting cell division, protein synthesis, and bone growth
Target: Bone and muscle cell
Pancreas (Islets)
Insulin
F: Decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.
Target: Beta Cells
Glucagon
F: Breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream
Target: Alpha Cells
Testes
Testosterone
F: Promotes the maturation of the reproductive system, development of the male secondary sex characteristics, and is responsible for sexual drive (libido)
Target: Muscle, bones, organs and hair follicles
Ovaries
Estrogen
F: Develops female 2nd sex hormones
Target: Uterine development, breast development and pubic hair
Progesterone
F: It works with estrogen to control the menstrual cycle; it also secreted to prepare and sustain the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy
Target: Ovaries and uterus
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
F: To regulate the human sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm); this also cause humans to feel drowsy at night time when the pineal gland is active when melatonin increases
Target: Hypothalamus
Thymus
Thymosin
F: Help to train and develop T-lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood
Target: T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
F: Increases the flow of the blood to the brain and muscle to improve the "fight-or-flight" response to stress
Target: Cells that are receptive to male hormones
Diseases
associated with the endocrine system
Dwarfism
D: insufficient growth hormone produced causing lack of growth of long bones in children
Diabetes mellitus
D: deficiency of pancreatic hormone, insulin - or development of insensitivity to insulin, leading to failure to metabolise carbohydrates
Tetany
D: condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone.
Acromegaly
D: overgrowth of flat bones of face, hands and feet caused by excessive growth hormone in adults
Osteitis fibrosis cystica
D:formation of cysts in the bone due to excess parathyroid hormone production, calcium salts are removed from the bones into the blood
Addison's disease
D: insufficient adrenal cortex hormones produced causing weakness, pigmentation of skin, wasting etc