Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Eye and The Endocrine System Christina Gatica, Period 1 (Major…

- - - - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      - Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
      - Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
      - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
      - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
      - Oxytocin
      - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- - - - Anterior Pituitary
        
        produces 6 important hormones
        
        The function of the anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
        
        Thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic, follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, human growth hormone, Prolactin hormone
      - Posterior Pituitary
        
        Oxytocin triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding
        
        Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to sweat glands.
    - - small pinecone-shaped mass of glandular tissue found just posterior to the thalamus of the brain.
      - the activity of the pineal gland is inhibited by stimulation from the photoreceptors of the retina.
      - Increased melatonin production causes humans to feel drowsy at nighttime when the pineal gland is active
    - - produces 3 major hormones
      - Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine, and thyroxine
    - - produces three major hormones: Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine
      - Calcitonin is released when calcium ion levels in the blood rise above a certain set point.
    - - Adrenal Cortex
        
        produces many cortical hormones in 3 classes; glucocorticioids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens
        
        Glucocorticioids: break down proteins and lipids to produce glucose. Also function to reduce inflammation and immune response
        
        Mineralocorticoids: group of hormones that help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
        
        Androgens: produced at low levels in the adrenal cortex to regulate the growth and activity of cells that are receptive to male hormones
      - Adrenal medulla
        
        produces the hormones epinephrine and nor epinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
        
        They help release the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the fight or flight response to stress.
  - - - the pancreas is considered to be a heterocrine gland as it contains both endocrine and exocrine tissue.
      - The alpha cells produce the hormone glucagon, which is responsible for raising blood glucose levels. Glucagon triggers muscle and liver cells to break down the polysaccharide glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream.
      - The beta cells produce the hormone insulin, which is responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal
    - - These sex hormones determine the secondary sex characteristics of adult females and adult males.
      - Testes: This hormone causes growth and increases in strength of the bones and muscles, including the accelerated growth of long bones during adolescence
    - - The thymus produces hormones called thymosins that help to train and develop T-lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood
      - The thymus becomes inactive during puberty and is slowly replaced by adipose tissue throughout a person’s life.
  - - - capable of producing the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to high blood pressure levels.
      - ANP also reduces blood volume and pressure by causing water and salt to be excreted out of the blood by the kidneys.
    - - produce the hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low levels of oxygen in the blood
    - - The hormones cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and gastrin are all produced by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
    - - produces the hormone leptin that is involved in the management of appetite and energy usage by the body. Leptin is produced at levels relative to the amount of adipose tissue in the body, allowing the brain to monitor the body’s energy storage condition
    - - In pregnant women, the placenta produces several hormones that help to maintain pregnancy
      - also prevents premature delivery of the fetus
- - - - affects many target cells throughout the body by stimulating their growth, repair, and reproduction.
    - - a tropic hormone responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland.
    - - stimulates the adrenal cortex, the outer part of the adrenal gland, to produce its hormone.
    - - stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk
    - - stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes in females and sperm in males.
    - - stimulates the gonads to produce the sex hormones estrogen in females and testosterone in males.
  - - - Function: prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to sweat glands.
    - - Function: triggers uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of milk during breastfeeding.
  - - - regulates metabolic rate
    - - reduce the concentration of calcium lens in the blood.
  - - - Function: helps with calcium ion homeostasis occurs when calcium levels in the blood drop below a set point.
  - - - Function: breakdown of proteins and lipids to produce glucose.
      - reduces inflammation and immune response
    - - Function: help regulate the concentration of mineral ions int he body
  - - - helps increase the flow of the blood to the brain and muscles to improve the fight or flight response to stress.
  - - - Function: produced by alpha cells which is responsible for raising blood glucose levels
    - - Function: produced by alpha cells responsible for raising blood glucose levels.
  - - - regulate the growth and activity of cells that are receptive to male hormones
      - In adult males androgen are produced more by the testis which leads to appearance of male secondary sex characteristics.
  - - - Function: function as the primary female sex hormones
    - - Function: most active in females during ovulation and pregnancy where it maintains appropriate conditions int he human body to support a developing fetus.
  - - - help to train and develop t-lymphocytes during fetal development and childhood.
      - Inactive during puberty ad slowly replaced by adipose tissue