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The Eye and Endocrine System... Gerardo Hurtado (Names of the hormones…
The Eye and Endocrine System... Gerardo Hurtado
Major structures and functions of the eye
Fibrous Layer
sclera
: glistening white, opaque layer
protects and shapes the eyeball; acts as an anchoring site for extrinsic eye muscles
cornea
: crystal clear
a window that allows light to enter the eye; light-bending apparatus of the eye; contains many nerve endings > pain receptors; easily transplant-able
Vascular Layer
Ciliary Body
: controls the shape of the lens
Choroid
: blood vessel-rich, dark brown membrane
Retina
: contains light receptor cells, sensitive to
light intensity and color
Optic Nerve
: carries impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain
iris
: contains muscles that allow it to control the diameter of the pupil and how much light enters the eye
Major functions of the endocrine
reproduction
cellular metabolism
sexual development
sugar and mineral homeostasis
heart rate
digestion
Major glands/organs and their functions
thyroid gland
tissue growth
maintain blood pressure
metabolism
body temperature homeostasis
secretion of digestive acids
pituitary gland:
anterior
hormones go to thyroid
release hormones upon receiving from hypothalamus
stimulates gonads to produce hormones
posterior
extension of the hypothalamus
adrenal gland
handles adrenaline
handles stress
pancreas
releases insulin to reduce blood sugar
releases glucaon to reduce blood sugar
gonads
females - ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
males - testes produce testosterone
Names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions
TSH
: stimulates thyroid hormones
T3, T4
: increases body's metabolic rate
ACTH
: growth and development of adrenal cortex
Calcitonin
: reduce concentration of calcium ions in the blood
FSH
: maturation of ovarian follicles
LH
: gonadotropin, stimulates sex hormone production
MSH
: stimulates melanocytes' melanin
Prolactin
: breast milk production
PTH
: increases blood calcium levels
ADH
: fluid balance
Oxytocin
: causes uterine contractions, breast milk release
Melatonin
: regulates circadian rhythm
testosterone and estrogen
: stimulates maturation and function of respective reproductive system
glucagon
: increases blood glucose
insulin
: decreases blood glucose
epinephrine and norepinephrine
: amplifies effects of the sympathetic division of the AHS
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Gigantism
hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Diabetes insipidus
hyposecretion of ADH, causing excretion of large amounts of dilute urine and subsequent dehydration & thirst
Acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Pituitary dwarfism
hyposecretion of GH
thyroid gland disorders
Cretinism
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal life or infancy
Goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
Myxedema
hyposecretion of thyroid hormone during adult years
Grave's Disease
autoimmune disease which is the most common form of hyperthyroidism; hypersecretion of thyroid hormone