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Eye & Endocrine Elina Shibata (Major Structures and Functions of the…
Eye & Endocrine Elina Shibata
Major Structures and Functions of the Eye
Extrinsic Eye Muscle
controls eye movement
Conjuctiva
lines the surface of eyelid;
secretes mucous that lubricates the eyeball
Sclera
protects and shapes the eyeball
Cornea
allows light to enter the eye
Choroid Coat
prevents light scatter within the eye
Ciliary Body
controls lens shape
Iris
regulates amount of light entering the eye
Pupil
opening through which light passes
Optic Nerve
transmits visual information from the eye to the brain
Retina
contains photoreceptors that convert light
Optic Disc
the blind spot; where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Fovea Centralis
focusing for discriminative vision
Lens
allows light to be properly focused
Aqueous Humor
maintain intraoculor pressure of the eye
Vitreous Humor
provides major internal reinforcement of the posterior part of the eye
Tapetum Lucidum (only in animal eyes)
reflects light within the eye; in animals that live under conditions of low-intensity light
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones
chemical substances produced in the body regulate the activity of cells or organs
hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function
regulates how much of each hormone is released
Major Glands / Organs of the Endocrine System
parathyroids
adrenals
thyroid
pineal body
pituitary
the ovaries
hypothalamus
the testes
Names of the Hormones produced and their Target Organs along with Functions
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol ; most cells in the body ; breakdown of protein and lipids to produce glucose
Aldosterone ; kidneys ; help regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine ; cardiac and other muscles ; produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine under stimulation by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone ; kidneys, skeletal system, intestine ; stimulates the osteoclasts to break down the calcium containing bone matrix to release free calcium ions into the bloodstream triggers kidneys to retain calcium back to the bloodsteam
Pancreas ( islets )
Insulin ; all cells in the body ; responsible for lowering glucose levels after a meal , triggers absorption of glucose from the blood into the cells
Glucagon ; all the cells in the body ; triggers muscle and liver cells to break down the polysacchande glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone ; liver and kidneys ; regulate body's metabolic rate
Calcitonin ; bones ; released when calcium ion levels in the blood use is above a set point
Testes
Testosterone ; sex organs ; produces the secondary sex characteristics associated with males
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone ; kidneys ; prevents water loss in the body, re uptake of water
Oxytocin ; uterus mammary glands ; triggers uterine contractions during childbirth
Ovaries
Estrogen ; uterus, ovary, breast, bone marrow, brain ; controls development of the mammary glands and uterus during puberty and stimulates the development of the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle
Progesterone ; mammary glands, uterus ; acts on the uterus during pregnancy to allow the embroyo to implant and develop in the womb
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ; adrenal cortex ; stimulates adrenal cortex
Prolactin ; mammary gland ; stimulates mammary glands of the breast to produce milk
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ; thyroid gland ; stimulation of thyroid gland
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ; ovary and testis ; stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gametes
Growth Hormone ; all cells of the body ; stimulates growth of all tissue of the body
Luteinizing Hormone ; ovary ; stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones
Pineal Gland
Melatonin ; cells throughout the body ; secreted by pineal glands, enters the blood stream flow to its target, cells throughout the body. causes a sense of drowsiness associated with nighttire
Thymus
Thymosin ; white blood cells ; training / development of T-Lymphocyte extremely important type of white blood cell
Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System
Problems that Cause Endocrine Disorders
too little of a hormone being secreted
insensitivity of the target organ to the hormone
too much of a hormone being secreted
Disorders
Adenoma
pituitary disorder ; benign endocrine gland tumor
Dwarfism
growth hormone problem ; small bones, usually in proper proportions
Acromegaly
growth hormone problem ; adenoma causes too much growth hormone