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The Eye and Endocrine System : Yatziri Carmona (Per.1)…
The Eye and Endocrine System : Yatziri Carmona (Per.1)
The parts of the eye
The sclera: the tough outer coating, part of the fibrous layer
The choriod: houses many blood vessels; brings oxygen and nutrients to the back of the eye
The lens: focuses images from the environment onto the retina of the eye
virteous humor: helps maintain the shape of the eye
The cornea: major part of the light bending apparatus of the eye, great ability to repair itself
aqueous humor: fluid that helps retain the shape o the cornea
ciliary bodies: the size of the lens is controlled by the ciliary muscles
iris: controls the amount of light that enters the eye
pupil: where light enters; the size is controlled by the iris
retina: houses the sight receptors that translate light impulses into neural inputs that the brain can interpret as images
Homeostatic imbalances
hyperopia : far sighted
cataracts: clouding o the lens
myopia: near sighted
Pinkeye- a conjunctival infection caused by bacteria or viruses; highly contagious
diplopia- seeing two images instead of one
accessary structures
conjunctiva: produces a lubricating mucus that prevents the eyes from drying out
eyelids: responsible for blinking and protect they eye from foreign objects
eybrows: shade from sunlight and prevent sweat trickling down the forehead from reaching the eyes
images
the amount of light entering is controlled by the pupil
because the front of the eye is curved , it bends the light creating an upside down image on the retina; the brain eventually flips the image
light enters through the cornea
the retina sends signals to the brain that it can understand
cones= daylight vision
rods= night vision
nerve impulses carry info to the brain through the optic nerve
3 layers
vascular: middle coat of eyeball, pigmented layer, 3 regions- choroid. ciliary body, and iris
inner layer: retina; composed of 2 parts; outer pigmented layer and an inner neural layer
fibrous: outermost coat; dense avascular connective tissue, regions: sclera and cornea,
wavelengths
violet- short and most energetic
white- reflects all wavelengths
red- longest and lowest energy
black- absorbs all
electromagnetic radiation= all energy waves
visible spectrum- the spectrum the yes respond to
refraction- changes in speed, bending
reflection- accounts for most of the light reaching our eyes
real image- image formed by convex lens
lacrimal apparatus: responsible for tears
extrinsic eye muscles: allow eyes to follow objects, help maintain the shape of the eyeball, holds it in orbit
Hormones
chemical structure
homeostatic imbalance
organs of the endocrine system
pituitary gland
testes/ovaries
hypothlamus
pancreas
thyroid
parathyroid gland
thymus
adrenal glands
3 types of hormones
neural: response to stress
humor: bodily fluids
hormonal: response to hormones
3 different types of interaction
synergism: one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are ampliied
antagonism: one hormone opposes the action of another
permissiveness:one hormone can exert its full effects without another hormone being present
Gigantism- excessive GH
Pituitary dwarfism- GH deficiency in children
diabetes mellitus
type 1:insulin deficiency
type 2:non-insulin-deficient , but receptor deficient
amino acid based: includes most hormones; usually water soluble and cannot cross the plasma membrane
eicosanoids: nearly all cell membranes release it; localized
steriods: lipid soluble and can cross the plasma membrane
progesterone: maintains appropriate conditions in the body to support a developing fetus
estrogen: triggers development of secondary female sex characteristics
testosterone: effects muscles, bones, sex organs, and hair follicles
thyroxine: T3 and T4 work together to regulate the body's metabollic rate
oxytocin: triggers uterine contractions
melatonin: controls sleep cycle
calcitonin: reduces the concentration of calcium ions in the blood
glucagon: raises blood glucose levels
insulin: lowers blood glucose levels
epinephrine: increases the blood flow to the brain and muscles; 'fight or flight'
glucacoricoids: produces glucose; reduces inflammation and immune responses
aldosterone: regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
Compare and contrast: Nervous, Endocrine, and Exocrine System
Nervous
neurotransmitters
specific locations
short-duration
short distances
initiates responses rapidly
Endocrine
long-duration
hormones
initiates responses slowly
diffuse locations
long distances
Exocrine
- unlike the endocrine system, it has ducts; secretes onto epithelium rather than bloodstream