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John garibaldi p.1 Eye and Endocrine (Major structures and functions of…
John garibaldi p.1 Eye and Endocrine
Major structures and
functions of the eye
lens
The transparent structure suspended behind the iris that helps to focus light on the retina; it primarly provides a fine-tuning adjustment to the primary focusing structure of the eye, which is the cornea
cornea
The outer, transparent structure at the front of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and anterior chamber; it is the eye's primary light-focusing structure
Tapetum Lucidum
provide the light-sensitive retinal cells with a second opportunity for photon-photoreceptor stimulation, thereby enhancing visual sensitivity at low light levels
sclera
The tough outer coat that protects the entire eyeball
fatty tissue
cushions eye
muscle tissue
work to move the eye up, down, side to side, and rotate the eye
iris
The colored ring of tissue behind the cornea that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil
optic nerve
The bundle of nerve fibers at the back of the eye that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain
choroid
Layer of the eye behind the retina, contains blood vessels that nourish the retina
retina
The light sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye
aqueous humor
The fluid produced in the eye
vitreous humor
Clear jelly-like substance that fills the eye from the lens to the back of the eye
ciliary body
Part of the eye, above the lens, that produces the aqueous humor
pupil
The adjustable opening at the center of the iris through which light enters the eye
Major glands/organs and their
functions
pituitary gland
produces many hormones that travel throughout the body, directing certain processes or stimulating other glands to produce other hormones
pineal gland
produces melatonin, a serotonin-derived hormone which modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles
pancreas
an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar
ovaries
produce the hormones, including estrogen, that trigger menstruation
testes
they produce gametes, or sperm, and they secrete hormones, primarily testosterone
thyroid glands
helps to regulate many body functions by constantly releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream
parathyroid gland
causes the body to put more calcium into the blood
hypothalamus
These hypothalamic releasing hormones control and regulate the secretion of pituitary hormones
adrenal glands
control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure
Major functions of the endocrine system
produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood
hormones serve as messengers, controlling and coordinating activities throughout the body
influences almost every cell, organ, and function
helps your body properly function
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
cushing's disease
A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.
hyperthyroidism
occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine
Addison's disease
A disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones
Growth hormone efficiency
a rare disorder characterized by the inadequate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain that is responsible for the production of several hormones
Gigantism
a rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children
Adrenal insufficiency.
The adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol
names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions;
anterior pituitary
growth hormone
bones and muscles
stimulates growth repair and reproduction
thyroid stimulating hormone
thyroid gland
responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland
adrenocorticotropic
adrenal gland
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones
prolactin
mammary gland
stimulates mammary gland to the breast to produce milk
follicle stimulating hormone
follicle cells
stimulates the follicle cells of the gonads to produce gamates
luteinizing hormone
gonads
stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones
posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone ( vasopressin) (ADH)
kidneys
prevents water loss in the body by increasing the re-uptake of water in the kidneys and reducing blood flow to sweat glands
adrenal cortex
cortisol
kidney
produces corticol hormones
aldosterone
kidney
regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
thyroid gland
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
throughout body
work together to regulate the body's metabolic rate
calcitonin
bones
reduce the concentration of calcium ions
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
kidney
stimulates the osteoclasts to break down the calcium containing bone matrix to release free calcium ions into bloodstream
adrenal medulla
epinephrine/norepinephrine
muscles and blood vessels
raise blood glucose level, increase metabolic activities, and constrict certain blood vessels
pancreas
insulin
responsible for lowering blood sugar levels
glucagon
liver
triggers muscle
testes
testosterone
testes
produce the androgen testosterone in males after the start of puberty
ovaries
estrogen
female reproductive system
develop uterine breast and pubic hair
progesterone
ovaries
maintains appropriate conditions to support developing fetus
pineal gland
melatonin
brain
responsible or involved in biological rhythms
thymus
thymosin
white blood cells
help to train and develope during fetal development and childhood