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The Eye and Endocrine System Sandra Salazar-Garcia P.4 (Hormones produced…
The Eye and Endocrine System
Sandra Salazar-Garcia P.4
Major Structures and Functions of the eye
Muscles
Control movement of the eye
Choroid
provides nourishment to the outer layers through blood vessels
Fatty tissues
cushions the eye
Ciliary Body
tiny muscles that control the size of the lens
Retina
converts light into nerve impulses
iris
determines size of pupil
Lens
Focuses light
Pupil
allows light to enter
Sclera
Location of all blood vessels, gives eye a white appearance and helps keep it round and durable
Tapetum Lucidum
Reflects light back trough the retina, increasing light available to photo receptors
Virteous Humor
jelly like liquid that fills up the eye to gives its shape
Optic Nerve
transfers visual information from the retina to the brain
Cornea
Protects eye from germs, dust and other harmful matter
Major Fuctions of the Endocrine System
Glands
Used to target other areas of the body by using hormones that are produced by multiple glands
Hormones
Chemical substances used to help regulate the activity of cells or organs within the body
Major Glands/Organs and their Functions
Thyroid Gland
Produces Triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, Calcitonin
Testes
Produces: Testosterone
Anterior Pituitary
Produces: GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH,
Ovaries
Produces Estrogen
Pancreas
Produces Insulin and glucagon
Adrenal Cortex
Produces: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Pineal Gland
Produces: Melatonin
Parathyroid Gland
Produces: PTH
Thymus
Produces: Thymosin
Posterior Pituiutary
Produces: ADH, Oxytocin
Hormones produced and their target organs and functions
Oxycontin
Produced by the Posterior Pituitary
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and stimulates milk production of the breast
Targets Uterus and Breasts
Insulin
Produced by the Pancreas
Decreases glucose levels in the blood stream
Target is blood and cells
Glucagon
Produced by the Pancreas
Increases glucose levels in the blood stream
Target is muscle and liver cells
Triiodothyronine ( T3 )
Produced by the Thyroid glands
increases cellular activity and energy usage in the body
Body's metabolic rate
Thyroxine ( T4 )
Produced by the Thyroid glands
increases cellular activity and energy usage in the body
Body's metabolic rate
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ( TSH )
Produced in the Pituitary
Stimulates Thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine
Targets Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine
Growth Hormone ( GH )
Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
stimulates cell growth, repair and reproduction
targets Bones and Muscles
Adrenocorticotropic ( ACTH )
Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Helps produce Adrenal cortex hormones
Targets Adrenal Cortex
Calcitonin
Produced by the Thyroid gland
reduces concentration of calcium in the blood
Targets the bones
Prolactin
Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Helps in the production of milk
Target in the mammary glands
Follicle- Stimulating Hormone
Produced by the Anterior Pituitary
Production of gametes and sperm
Target is the follicle cells of gonads
Luteinizing Hormone
Produces by the Anterior Pituitary
Produces Estrogen and Testosterone
Target is the gonads
Antidiuretic Hormone
Produced by the Posterior Pituitary
Increases re-uptake of water and reduces blood flow
Parathyroid Hormone
Produced by the parathyroid
Increases calcium ion levels in the blood
target is the Kidneys
Cortisol
Produced by the Adrenal Cortex
Reduces inflammation and immune response
target is proteins and lipids
Aldosterone
Produced by the Adrenal Cortex
Regulates mineral ions in the body
targets the kidneys
Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine
Produced by the Adrenal Cortex
increases flow of blood to the brain and muscles, increases heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure
targets Brain
Testosterone
produced by the Testes
Growth and increase in strength of bones and muscles
targets muscles, bones, sex organs follicles
Estrogen
Produced by the Ovaries
Increases growth in bones
targets sex organs pubic hair
Progestrogen
produced by the Ovaries
maintains body conditions to support the developing fetus
targets the human body
Melatonin
Produced by the Pineal Gland
regulates the human sleep-wake known as the circadion rhythm
targets the brain and hypothalamus
Thymosin
produced by the Thymus
increases the development of T-Limphocytes
targets T-Lymphocytes
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Growth Hormone Deficiency
The Pituitary Gland does not produce enough growth hormones. May result in anxiety, depression, thin skin, fatigue, decreased muscle mass. This can be treated my Growth Hormone therapy, injections of growth hormones.
Addison's Disease
Adrenal glands do not produce enough hormones of Cortisol and Aldosterone. Symptoms are fatigue, weight loss, darkening of skin, low blood pressure, low blood sugar. A patient will be given hormone replacement therapy and Oral Corticosteroids.
Cushing's Syndrome
the Adrenal glands are making to much cortisol, The over-production of ACTH causes the over-production of Cortisol. Patients experience weight gain, obesity, purple stretch marks, thinning skin. Cushing's be cured, but the symptoms may take longer to go away.
Grave's Disease
The thyroid gland produces to much thyroid hormone. Symptoms are trembling of the hands or fingers, anxiety, heat sensitivity, weight loss, enlargement of the thyroid gland. Can be treated with surgery, radioactive iodine, Antithyroid medication.
Diabetes Mellitus
There is high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Symptoms are frequent urination, Increased thirst, and increased hunger. One of the first treatments given for diabetes is Metformin.
Hyperthyroidism
The thyroid gland produces to much of the hormone thyroxine. Symptoms are acceleration of the bodies metabolism, urinational weight loss and irregular heartbeat. treatments are Antithyroid medication, radioactive iodine, and surgery
Hypothyroidism
The body can not produce enough thyroid hormone to keep the body functioning properly. Symptoms are constipation, weight gain, puffy face, dark skin, muscle weakness, fatigue. Treatments are use of synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine.