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Topic 7 (Hormones are chemical messengers which are carried by the blood …
Topic 7
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Pituitary glands (below the brain)
- release ACTH, FSH, LH and other growth hormone (Stimulates cells in muscles + bones to divide + stimulate the digestive system to absorb calcium ions to make strong bones.0.
Thyroid gland (base of the neck)
pancreas
- has cells that produce insulin + other that produce glucagon
Ovaries
- Produce sex hormones: oestrogen(Stimulate the release of growth hormones)+ progesterone
Testes
- release sex hormones - testosterone (stimulate the growth hormones)
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Metabolic Rate - rate at which energy is stored in your food is transferred by all the reactions that take place in your body to keep you alive.
Resting Metabolic Rate - measured with the body at rest, in a warm room + long after the person had a meal.
Metabolic rate is effected by the hormone thyroxine - causes heart cells to contract more rapidly + strongly increase the rate at which proteins + carbohydrates are broken down inside cells.
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If thyroxine concentartion decrease - detected by the brain - hypothalamus release TRH - pituitary gland release TSH - Thyroid gland release thyroxine - affect target organs.
- In normal situations, little Adrenalin is released.
- In frightening + exciting situations , there is an increase in impulses in neurons reaching the adrenal glands from the spinal cord triggers the release of large amounts adrenalin into the blood.
liver is the target organ of Adrenalin. - liver break down the storage of a stroage substance glycogen.
- Glycogen is a polyme made of glucose molecules .
- When gycogen is broken down, glucose molecules are released into the blood for respiration.
Other target organs of Adrenalin:
Heart:
- heart muscles cells contract more rapidly , increase the heart rate.
- More strongly, increase the blood pressure.
Liver:
- Liver cells convert glycogen to glucose , released into the blood, increase blood sugar concentration.
Wide Blood Vessel:
- Diameter of blood vessels widen , increase blood flow to muscles.
Narrow Blood Vessel:
- Diameter of blood vessels cause other organ s to narrow, reduce blood flow to those organs + increase blood pressure.
Menstrual Cycle:
- Cycle of changes in a woman's reproductive system that takes about 28 days.
Menstrual Cycle:
- Days 1- 5 - uterus lining breaks down + lost with the unfertilized egg cell.
- Around day 11 - menstruation ends, uterus starts to thicken again.
- Around day 14 - Ovulation takes place release of an egg.
- Around days 16 - 20 - Pregnancy is most likely because of fertilization.
- Around day 21 - uterus lining starts to thicken again.
- Around day 24 - Egg cell travels along the oviduct to the uterus.
- Cycle is controlled by oestrogen + progesterone
During sexual intercourse:
- sperm cells deposited into the vagina.
- pass into the cervix to the uterus to the oviducts.
- Sperm cells meet the egg cell, fertilisation occurs.
Contraception method - diaphragm / cap - 92 - 96% success - placed over the cervix - prevent sperm entering the vagina , the uterus.
Contraception method - male condom - 98% success - placed over erect penis, prevent sperm entering the vagina.
Contraception method - hormonal pill / implant placed under the skin - 99% success - release hormones to prevent ovulation + thickens mucus at the cervix, making it difficult for the sperm to pass through.
FSH - FOLLICLE - STIMULATING HORMONE
LH - LUTEINISING HORMONE
- Released from the pituitary gland.
- Concentration of oestrogen increases when the egg follicle matures
- Progesterone is released after ovulation when it become a corpus luteum (follicle becomes a structure).
- Low levels of progesterone allow FSH to be released.
- High levels of oestrogen stimulate the release of more LH.
- Increase in progesterone inhibits FSH and LH.
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In the ovary - FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of egg follicle - LH surge triggers ovulation - Corpus luteum
Increase oestrogen causes thickening of wall. - day 7 maturing follicle stimulate oestrogen production - around day 26 corpus luteum release progesterone - after day 28 falling in oestrogen + progesterone trigger menstruation.
Methods used to have a child
- Assisted Reproductive Therapy - ART - uses hormones + other techniques to increase the chance of pregnancy.
- Clomifene Therapy - for women who rarely release an egg cell in the menstruation - a drug that helps to increase FSH + LH in the blood.
- IVF - In Vitro Fertilisation - egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones - egg ells released by many follicles + taken from ovary - sperm cells taken from man - eggs + sperms combined to allow fertilisation - one or two healthy embryos are placed.
After a meal - blood glucose concentration rises, it stimulates cells in the pancreas to release insulin - insulin causes cells in liver + other organs to absorb glucose - causing a fall.
- In liver glucose is converted to glycogen.
- If blood glucose level falls too low glucagon is released from the pancreatic cells.
Glucagon causes liver cells to convert to glucose - released into the blood .
- Blood glucose concentration increase but glucagon released falls from the pancreas
Maintaining constant conditions inside the body is called homeostasis.
- These are temperature control.
- control of water content
Type 1 Diabetes
- Pancreatic cells do not produce insulin due to cells been destroyed in the body's immune system .
- Cannot control the rising blood glucose concentration.
- Urine is the first test.
- Have to inject insulin into fat layer below the skin, enter the blood , causing blood glucose concentration to rise.
Type 2 Diabetes
- Insulin releasing cells not producing enough insulin or target organs not responding properly to hormone.
- Healthy diet
- Exercise
- Medicine given to reduce amount of glucose that liver release into blood / increase sensitivity of the cells in target organs that respond to insulin
Body Mass Index
- BMI = MASS (kg)/height (m)squared.
Waist:hip ratio - waist measurment/ hip measurement .
- people increase in mass, tend to increase more fat on waist compared to hips.
- increase in this ratio causes an increase in the chance of developing type 2.