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Module 45-54 (Cognition- all the mental activities associated with…
Module 45-54
Cognition- all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Sensorimotor stage- in Piaget's theory, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
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Preoperational stage- in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Conservation- the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Egocentrism- in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
Theory of mind- people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Concrete operational stage- The stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable the to think logically about concrete events.
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X Chromosome- the sex chromosome found in most males and females. Females typically have two X chromosomes; males typically have one.
Y Chromosome- the sex chromosome typically found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.
Testosterone- the most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
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Secondary sex characteristics- non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
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Intersex- a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes.
AIDS- a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV. It depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.
Sexual Orientation- our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex or the other sex; variations include attraction toward both sexes.
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stranger anxiety- the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
critical period- an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development,
Attachment- an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation.
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Secure attachment- demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return.
insecure attachment- demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness.
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Basic trust- according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy;said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Self-concept- all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "who am I?"
developmental psychology- a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
Zygote- the fertilized egg; it enters a two week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
Embryo- the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the second month.
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teratogens- agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome- physical or cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.
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adolescence- the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
Pubery- the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Identity- our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
social identity- the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.
Intimacy- in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.
Emerging adulthood- a period from about age 18 to the mid twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full andependence as adults.
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Maturation- biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Formal operational stage- the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstact concepts.
Scaffold- a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.
Autism spectrum disorder- a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
Menopause- the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
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Alzheimer's disease- a neurocognitive disorders marked by neural plaques, often with onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.
