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Biological studies (Brain areas (Lonstein and Stern 1998, lesions to PAG…
Biological studies
Brain areas
Lonstein and Stern 1998, lesions to PAG in recent mother rats = aggression unfamiliar males.
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Mitchell et al. 2001, psychopathic behaviour patterns = damage to amygdala.
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Hormones
Edwards 1968, injected neonatal female rodent with testosterone increased aggression.
Ozaki et al. 1996, testosterone lowers serotonin levels = agg
Hawke 1951, castrated sex offenders = loss of sex drive and agg.
Mazur and Booth 1998, testosterone levels change across lifespan e.g. lessens during marriage. Supports basal model (increase = agg)
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Twin studies
Gottesman and Shields 1966, 42% MZ also schizophrenic, 9% DZ. Genetic element schizophrenia.
Coccaro et al. 1997, high con rate for measures e.g. indirect assault.
Evolution
Mazur 1983, increase in inter-male fighting around puberty because of testosterone.
Adoption studies
Cadoret and Stewart 1991, boys increased attention deficit and agg if bio parent convicted of a crime. Also found the same if there are psychiatric problems in adoptive family.