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Session 4 (3 approaches to Business Ethics (Principles (philosopher)…
Session 4
3 approaches to Business Ethics
Conventional (look at the existing norms) - a good guide
Big Pharma illustrate the limitation of conventional approach
involves a comparison of a decision or practice to prevailing societal norms
"everyone in the industry did the same thing, so we should follow to look 'ethical'" - norm is the good guide
"Morals are mores" - most similar to conventional approach
When there is a turning point, this approach might not be a good guide - but it is still a good guide for business ethics
Principles (philosopher)
Utilitarianism
Rights
Virtues
Care
Justice - "Fairness"
Distributive - outcome based on looking on justice - looking at whether it is fair or not fair - via comparison ------ the tb got more details
For eg. Policies - for eg. tax - different tax for different levels of income ---- but is this a fair
For eg. in the workplace - how much pay - There is a range (i.e. S$4k) but if there is recession when we graduated -
Procedural - Decision making process - whether the decision making process is fair/unfair
For eg. Internal Security Act in Singapore is criticised by western countries
By right, we need to when there is a crime - prosecutor vs Lawyer and have both parties to present the case in front of the judge -
so it is difficult to charge a person
For eg. Freedom of Speech
For eg. Transparency
open court to see what happens and how the procedure goes
Ethical Tests (practical) - user friendly check on whether your action is ethical
Test of common sense (common sense said whether it is ethical or not) - but different people have different common sense
What would be an average person do in this situation (common sense)
Test of one's best self - when we are at our weakest moment?
Ask yourself: "Do I have a choice?"
For eg. Commit crime - they feel that they have no choice, they are cornered and that's why there is an ethical lapses
Test of making action and decision public
Do I have anything to hide ?
Test of ventilation
Sometimes when people are facing with dilemmas, they tend to talk to people, then the more we talk about it, we think more, then we tend to make more ethical decision
but it depends on - how honest, and who we select to talk to
Test of purified ideas
Talk to people with authorities such as the lawyers, religious leaders and etc
Improving the Ethical Climate
systems/structure
Code of conduct - i.e. Cannot engage in bribery(give favour to people, by getting some unfair advantage)
Reward system - e.g. there is a reward system in company - if it is too bottomline ridden, it may influence individual to get the results regardless of the means HENCE - some company use the reward system to look at both - means and results --
Comm sys- to let the employee know your COC
Appraisal System
People
Leadership (role model) the superior has to report any unethical issue by their subordinates - to present the role model
Ethic training - define what is acceptable and what isn't- translation of the ethics
Programme
ethics hotlines
ethics audit
whistle blowing
Systems
Deontological (Duties to comply with the good and bad right or wrong)
It may be conflict with the ethics
Ethical Dilemma
Teleological (Consequences)
Review 4
