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Organic chemistry (Polymerisation (formation (polyesters, polyamides),…

- - - - generally unreactive, reactions:
        
        combustion
        
        free-radical substitution
        
        initiation
        
        propagation
        
        termination
    - - electrophilic addition
        
        hydrogen
        
        halogen
        
        steam
        
        hydrogen halides
      - oxidation
        
        cold, dilute, acidified manganate(VII)
        
        hot, concentrated, acidified manganate(VII)
      - polymerisation
    - - reactions
        
        halogenation
        
        nitration
        
        Friedel-Crafts
        
        alkylation
        
        acylation
        
        complete oxidation of side-chain
        
        hydrogenation
  - - - nucleophilic substitution
        
        hydrolysis
        
        formation of nitriles
        
        formation of (primary) amines
      - elimination of hydrogen halide
      - mechanism
        
        primary: SN2
        
        tertiary: SN1
      - reactivities
  - - - primary
      - secondary
      - tertiary
    - - with bases
      - with Na
      - with diazonium salts
      - substitution of the aromatic ring
        
        nitration
        
        bromination
      - relative acidities: water, phenol, ethanol
    - - combustion
      - substitution to halogenoalkanes
      - with Na
      - oxidation
        
        as characteristic distinguisher for tert-, sec-, and primary
      - dehydration to alkenes
      - formation of esters
        
        by esterification with carboxylic acids
        
        with acyl chlorides
  - - - formation
      - reduction, using NaBH4 or LiAlH4
      - with HCN and NaCN or KCN
      - identification
        
        using 2,4-DNPH
        
        Fehling's
        
        Tollens'
        
        CH3CO- group existence
  - - - formation
        
        from alcohols
        
        from aldehydes
        
        from nitriles
    - - hydrolysis
        
        acid
        
        carboxylic acid
        
        alcohol
        
        alkali
        
        salt
    - - hydrolysis
        
        relative ease of hydrolysis of acyl chlorides, alkyl chlorides, and aryl chlorides
      - with alcohols
      - with phenols
      - with ammonia
      - with primary amines
    - - forming salts; using
        
        reactive metals
        
        alkalis
        
        carbonates
      - forming alkyl esters
      - forming alcohols, by using LiAlH4
      - forming acyl chlorides
    - - methanoic acid, with Fehling's & Tollens
      - ethanedioic acid, with warm acidified manganate(VII)
  - - - formation of alkyl amines
        
        reaction of NH3 with haloalkanes
        
        reduction of nitriles
        
        H2/Ni
        
        LiAlH4
      - basicity
      - phenylamine
        
        formation
        
        reactions with
        
        Br2(aq)
        
        nitrous acid, gives diazonium salt & phenol
      - coupling of benzenediazonium chloride & phenol
    - - formation: NH3 or RNH2 and R'COCl
      - neutrality
      - reactions
        
        hydrolysis: with aqueous alkali or acid
        
        reduction of amides with LiAlH4
    - - acid/base properties
        
        formation of zwitterions
      - formation of peptide bonds
      - electrophoresis and effect of pH
- - - - anion
      - species with lone pair(s)
  - - - SN1
      - SN2
- - - - double bond
    - - chiral centre