Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ORGANISATION (Blood (Blood plasma transports:soluble products from small…
ORGANISATION
Blood
Blood plasma transports:soluble products from small intestines to organs, carbon dioxide from organs to lungs, urea from liver to kidneys.
Red blood cells: transport oxygen from lungs to body cells, contains haemoglobin, no nucleus to create more room for haemoglobin, bioconcave disc shape to create greater surface area for oxygen to diffuse
White blood cells: part of immune system, contains nucleus to code for a certain job.
-
Digestive system
Tissues-groups of cells with a specific function
Organs-group of tissues with a specific function, put into organ systems
Food contains 3 main nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and these are too big to be absorbed so they are digested
-
Digestive enzymes
Proteins are broken down by protease enzymes: Proteins are long chains of amino acids and the enzyme converts the protein back into the amino acid in order for it to be absorbed by the bloodstream.
Carbohydrates are broken down by carbohydrase or amylase. Starch produces simple sugars when digested and amylase is found in the saliva.
A lipid molecule consists of a glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acid molecules. Lipids are digested by the lipase enzyme and this produces glycerol and fatty acids.
Bile can also speed up the digestion of lipids but its not an enzyme.
Temperature and pH
Temperature: increases the activity of the enzyme as there are more collisions per second. At one point, the enzyme works the fastest and this is the optimum temperature. However, as it increases past the optimum temperature the activity of the enzyme rapidly decreases to 0.
At high temperatures, the active site becomes denatured and changes shape.
pH: There is also an optimum pH for the activity of an enzyme (normally 7). If it is too alkaline or acidic, the activity drops to 0 as the active site can become denatured.
Small intestine
-
-
Microvilli: increase surface area even more. They also increase the concentration gradient due to the increased blood supply and this increases the rate of diffusion.
Heart
The heart has a right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle. Atira and ventricle separated by valves
Main blood vessels: The vena cava brings in deoxygenated blood from the body - blood passes from hear to lungs in the pulmonary artery - oxygenated blood passes from the lungs to the heart in the pulmonary vein - oxygenated blood is pumped into the blood in the aorta.
Blood flow throught heart: enters left and right atrium - contract and blood is forced into ventricles - ventricles contract and force blood out of heart. Valves stop blood flowing backwards into atria.
Arteries, veins, capillaries
Arteries - carry high pressures of blood from heart to organs. Thich muscular walls to withstand pressure. Elastic fibres stretch and recoil to keep blood moving.
Capillaries: When blood passes, glucose and oxygen diffuse from blood to cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from cells back to the blood. Thin walls so diffusion path is short.
Veins: Blood travels back to blood in low pressure. Thin wall as pressure is low. Contain valves to stop blood flowing backwards
Cardiovascular diseases
CHD: layers of fat build up in the artery which reduces the rate of blood flow., which creates a lack of oxygen. This can be fixed with statins which slows the rate of fatty build up.
Narrowing of arteries: treated with stent, which helps to open up the artery.
Valves don't fully open: the heart has to pump extra hard to hep blood flow. They can be replaced with mechanical or artificial valves. Also, anticlotting drugs have to be taken.
Gas exchange
Air passes into lungs in trachea. Trachea split into two tubes (bronchi) passing to each lung. These split into smaller tubes called bronchioles. These end in tiny sacks called alveoli.
Gases diffuse in and out of bloodstream in the alveoli. The alveoli has a very good blood supply, and once oxygen diffuses it is quickly removed to maintain a steep concentration gradient.
Cancer
-
Benign tumours: found in only one area
Malignant tumours: invade other parts of the body and is classed as cancer, create new tumours as they spread.
Plant tissues
EPIDERMIS protects leaf. WAXY CUTICLE prevents leaf drying out. STOMATA allows CO2 to enter and O2 to leave and controls amount of water vapor that passes out of leaf. GUARD CELLS control what goes in and out. PALISADE CELLS contains chloroplasts which contains chlorophyll, which helps to absorb light for photosynthesis. SPONGY MESPHYLL contains air spaces for CO2 to diffuse. XYLEM transports water from roots to stem and leaves. PHLOEM transports sugars from leaf to plant.
Transpiration
Transpiration is the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.