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Energy Metabolism (Types of Respiration (Aerobic Respiration (Electron…
Energy Metabolism
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate
Converted to Ethanol
2 ATP :star:
:Also used for
Nucleic Acid Replication
Microtubule Assembly
Protein Synthesis
Ion Trainsport
NADH
Plants
Fungi
Aerobic Respiration
glycolysis
Uses 1 Glucose
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP :star:
Pyruvate Oxidation
Uses 2 Pyruvate
2 CO2
2 NADH
2 Aceytl CoA
Citric Acid Cylce
Uses 2 Aceytl CoA
6 NADH
2 ATP :star:
4 CO2
2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
H2O
Around 30 ATP :star:
Link Title
Plants
Heat-Generating Respiration
Generates large amounts of heat :fire:
Voodoo lilly (
Sauromatum guttatum
)
Skunk cabbage (
Symplocarpus foetidus)
no protons pumped during ETC
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Transforms glucose into:
five-carbon sugars (ribose)
four-carbon sugars (erythrose)
Anthocyanin pigments
Lignin
Respiration of lipids
Glycerol and three fatty acids (triglycerides)
Fatty acids to Acetyl CoA
Glycerol phosphate and two fatty acids (phospholipids)
Fatty acids to Acetyl CoA
Photorespiration
RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen
3-phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycolate
glycolate
glycine
CO2 and H2O
All energy wasted :red_cross:
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
Beer :beer_mugs:
fermenting starchy cereal grains
barley
most common
converts starch to sugar faster than other grains
wheat
corn
rice
Starch must be converted to glucose first
Hops (
Humulus lupulus
)
Wine
fermented fruit juices rich in sugars
fermented grapes (
Vitis vinifera
)
large variety
Pinot Noir
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
CHardonnay
Spirits :champagne:
ethanol content > 20%
toxic to yeast = dealth :forbidden:
Strong alcohol must be added or solution must be distilled
distilled grain-based fermentations:
vodka
basically pure ethanol and water
gin
fermentation of malted barley, corn, and rye
whiskey
80% corn, w/ rye and wheat
distillation: raise concentration of ethanol and eliminate all flavors
distillation of fermented molasses
rum
distillation of fermented juices of agave plants
tequila (from
Agave tequilana
)
mescal (from
Agave americana
)
Warnings :warning:
fermentation of plant material produces ethanol
classified as a depressant
moderate drinking reduces focus and attention
body is able to detoxify in small amounts
large amounts cause hangovers
larger amounts cause death
harmful consequences :red_cross:
fetal alcohol syndrome
BAC of 0.4% is usually fatal
death related
drunk driving
1 to several college students die every year from drinking too much
alcoholism
beneficial consequences :check:
2 beers or 2 glasses of wine or 2 oz liquor
lowers risk of heart disease :<3:
other kinds of alcohol
methanol
very toxic
our liver converts it into formaldehyde and formic acid, even more poisonous
can cause blindness
isopropanol
our bodies convert it into acetone
Environmental and Internal Factors
Lack of Oxygen
Plants only need 1%-2% O2
Oxygen diffuses easily
O2 much more available for roots
Internal Regulation
fruit
respiration remains steady until maturation, then respirations bursts
Seeds
After maturation, respirations slows so much it goes dormant
No respiration occurs when dormant
Respiration is the source of ATP for all parts of a cell
other than chloroplasts
Temperature :fire:
Influences respiration
increase of 10°C, in range of 5°C-25°C, doubles respiration rate
< 5°C respiration decreases
Above 30°C, respiration isn't as fast
Above 40°C= enzyme damage/ disruption of organelle membranes
Respiratory Quotient
ratio of CO2 liberated to O2 consumed
Glucose RQ=1.0
Acids contain large amounts of O2
< O2 is needed to convert to CO2 and H2O
RQ > 1.0
Fatty acids contain virtually no O2
O2 must be consumed to oxidize all C and H
RQ < 1.0, usually 0.7
