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How can technological and globalizing processes result in geopolitical and…

- - - - Types of identity theft
        
        Phishing
        
        Relies on emails to trick people into giving information e.g Nigerian Prince scam
        
        Pharming
        
        Information appears relevant to participant, but it is a trap to get them to open something
        
        Trashing
        
        Identity theft through retrieving documents
        
        Smishing
        
        Sending of text messages to potential victim
- - - - 15 of the worlds largest container ships produce as much carbon emmisions as all of the worlds cars combined.
      - Micro-organisms are able to attach themselves to ships and be trasnported all around the world, harming the balance of local ecosystems. An example is Dinoflagelle plankton which are deadly to marine life, destroying fishing industries.
    - - 100 million tonnes of trash are created every year, with 10% of that entering the worlds oceans
      - A trash vortex the size of texas has been created in the pacific ocean. At the centre of the vortex there are more than 100Kg worth of plastc per km
  - - - Computer dumps in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. many tech companies use the site to dump their old and outdated prodycts. In a mobile phone alone there are over 20 toxic materials. Amuch of the waste is incinerated, the health of the locals is so bad that the average lfie expactancy in Agbogbloshie can be mid 20's
- - - - The freedom of a state from any outside intervention its markets and trading relationships
    - - The freedom of a state to govern itself fully independent of any foreign power
  - - - Tax Avoidance
        
        The arrangement of one's own financial affairs to avoid as much tax as possible under the limits of the law
      - Profit Repatriation
        
        A financial flow of profits from a country where a TNC has overseas operations back to the country where its headquarters are
    - - Case studies
        
        Apple
        
        In 2016, Apple was ordered to pay back €13 billion worth of back taxes to Ireland
        
        Apple had worked out a deal where they would only have to pay a maximum tax rate of 1% in Ireland, as opposed to the usual 12.5%
        
        In 2014, Apple's paid tax rate in Ireland was 0.005%
        
        Apple had "head office" in Ireland that did not really exist, and therefore Apple did not have to pay the tax on its profits. This way it could avoid the 35% corporate tax of repatriating profits to the USA.
        
        Ireland did not want the money back as it wanted to maintain a reputation as a low-tax haven for TNCs, and maintain the 6,000 jobs created by Apple
        
        Ireland vs UK (general):
        
        Tax on profits in Ireland is 12.5% versus 20% in UK
        
        Google, Amazon, Starbucks plan tax avoidance into structure
        
        25% levy imposed on any profits considered artificially diverted from UK
        
        Concerns that being tougher on tax may hurt countries by dissuading TNCs
        
        Nando's
        
        Nando's has a £750m trust on the Channel Islands
        
        The family of Dick Enthoven (Nando's owner) can avoid inheritance tax
        
        UK corporation tax bill legally reduced by up to a third
        
        Nando's paid £12.6M in tax in 2013, down from £18M if offshore agreements weren't in place
        
        Cash flows involve Malta, the Isle of Man, Guernsey, the Netherlands, Ireland, Luxembourg, Panama, and the British Virgin Islands
      - Consequences
        
        Corporations can avoid contributing to home countries
        
        Race to bottom where tax havens compete to lower their tax rates for TNCs
- - - - A technology which brings major changes to the way people live and work instead of merely supporting and enhancing the current way things are done
  - - - An unmanned aircraft, more formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes). Essentially, a flying robot. The aircrafts may be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems working in conjunction with on-board sensors and GPS.
    - - Used for surveillance in natural disasters
        
        Surveying damage
        
        Locating victims
        
        Help search for lost chiildren
        
        Monitor crowds
      - Make structural surveys of buildings
      - Monitor environmental disasters
      - Provide farmers with information
      - Case Study: Rwanda
        
        American Startup Zipline has partnered with Rwandan government
        
        First commercial drone delivery service
        
        Medical supplies ferried to remote hospitals by drone
        
        The use of drones cuts delivery time to minutes instead of hours or days
    - - Internal Threats
        
        Media use in Europe
        
        Flown over people's properties and pictures taken of them at home
        
        Unauthorized photos of people sunbathing or enjoying privacy of garden
        
        Facial recognition, speakers and infrared technology on drones can be intrusive
        
        Interconnected drones can follow people over large areas
        
        USA Police
        
        Growing number of police departments using drones to track crimes
        
        US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) has flown hundreds of missions for local and state authorities
        
        No national legislation regulating drone use, and growing concern of police use
      - External Threats
        
        UK and US carrying out attacks on militants in Pakistan, Syria, and Afghanistan
        
        Drones used to survey and gather intelligence in areas hostile for normal aircraft
        
        Used to listen on phone conversations, and locate bombs
        
        Drones provide real-time data about militant groups and can hover for long durations
        
        Collateral damage
        
        80-90% of victims are innocent civilians nearby
        
        strike in North Waziristan in Pakistan killed 40 attending tribal meeting