Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Critically discuss whether the national educational systems might be…

- - - - China VS Brazil - Brazil greatly improved compared to Hong Kong in Science and maths
      - France VS Thailand - Thailand greatly improved in science and maths compared to France
    - - illiterate 15+: china 54 mill, brazil 14 mill (both 2010)
    - - global dimension
  - - - Investing in human capital via education with in turn improve the economy
      - Human capital is directly related to achievement
    - - Chuang (2000) trade proportional to human capital
      - Mankiev et al (1992) - human capital raises output
      - Wolff and Gittleman (1993) - HE is significant on output in richer countries, primary is significant on output in poorer countries
  - - - fuelled by neo-liberal economics
      - 2004 to 2015 (fee rises from 3000 to 9250) - no. of students attending higher education rose by 9.8% (21)
      - 23
        
        evans (2000) quote p.9
        
        online edu results in inadequate resources
        
        online requires flexibility but hard to implement e.g. open university
        
        online and distance edu could solve inequalities causes by globalisation, but is a product of globalisation so obeys the same prerequisites
      - 24) little/no difference in performance between video and face-to-face instruction (Storck and Sproull, 1995)
    - - higher education is a public good
      - growth in transnational education (i.e. online)
      - TNE widens access to higher education
      - liberalisation of higher education
    - - David and Elias (2003) - finances were the 2nd most common reason for dropping out (18%)
    - - varying fees, becoming businesses, students are consumers
      - 6
        
        education reform act 1988 - neo-liberal schooling, national curriculum, league tables and parental choice
        
        radical commodification
    - - oxford - 9250
      - stanford - 12884
      - Cambridge - 9250
      - MIT - 39274
      - uni of technology, Sydney - 12,030
      - Caltech - 40035
      - uni of Bergen - free
      - korea - ?
      - uni of calgory - 312
      - lomonosov Moscow state uni - free
  - - - Keep pace with the changing global market
      - preparation for a destabilized life - is this not being caused by people staying in education instead of working?
    - - movement from holistic approach to further learning, to focusing on immediate needs of the economy and its growth
    - - advanced technology helps those who want to develop skills
    - - increasing demand as countries change from post industrial to knowledge economies
- - - - 1985-2013 = gap increased 5 gini points
      - disposable income of top 10% was 7x more in 1985, but by 2010 it was 9.5x more
      - since 1981, 650 mill less in poverty ($1.25 daily)
      - gap in urban and rural spaces
      - 3/4 of 1.3 billion poorest people live in middle-income countries
      - globalisation as a cause - tech taking over jobs - Goldin and AKts - "when technological advance vaults ahead of educational change, inequality generally rises"
    - - 17
        
        not just $6 a day
      - 18
        
        bridge students are more motivated and achieve higher in literacy
    - - Pragmatic dimension
      - philips and schweiswurth
      - wider social division
      - migration
    - - 80% of the population of earth have never heard a dial tone (reddy and manjulika, 2002)
  - - - Tests to compare national educational systems are not standardised
      - Fletcher and Sabers (1995) - comparisons are easily manipulated
      - Japan and USA case studies
    - - Inconsistencies in results
    - - Psacharopaulos and Patrinas (2002) - rate of return reduces as attainment goes up (mincerian earnings equation)
  - - - Shortage as a result of women having less children as they stay in education
      - Lifelong learning helps keep people active in the workforce for longer as they have the skills to change per requirements
    - - Reduced opportunities mean people are staying in education longer
    - - education is not essential
    - - Reflexive modernity (Beck)
    - - Average age of women having their first child is rising - 26.4 years in 1974, to 30.5 years in 2017