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UNIT 1 ADV. BIO (PROTEIN STRUCTURE (AMINO ACIDS (Negatively charged- are…
UNIT 1 ADV. BIO
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
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AMINO ACIDS
Negatively charged- are hydrophilic and their key component of their R groups is a carboxylic acid group
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Polar- are hydrophilic and the component of their R group are hydrophilic groups such as carbonyl and hydroxyl
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SECONDARY STRUCTURE
a-helix is a type of secondary structure, it is a spiral with R groups sticking outwards
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B-sheet, chain running along side each other with R groups sitting above and below. can be parallel or anti-parallel
Turns, reverse the direction of the polypeptide chain
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
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Hydrophobic regions don't like water and therefore cluster together on the inside away from the surface
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QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
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exists in proteins with several connected polypeptide subunits, linked by bonds between the R groups of the polypeptide chain
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THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
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Phospholipids are made up of glcerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate.
The head region includes the phosphate and chlorine groups, these are charged and therefore hydrophilic
The tail is made up of the fatty acids, these are uncharged and non-polar and therefore hydrophobic
Cholesterol may be found within the membrane adding to reduce fluidity and prevents the membrane from solidifying at low temperatures
Membrane proteins can be classes as integaral or peripheral, Integral proteins are held firmly in place within the membrane by strong hydrophobic interactions with the lipid tails. Peripheral proteins are held in place by charged or polar amino acids by hydrophilic interactions
BINDING TO LIGANDS
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The sugar phosphate backbone of DNA is negatively charged which allows it to bind to positively charged proteins
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A transcriptic factor is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences. They bind to either enhancer or promoter regions of DNA adjacent to the genes that they regulate
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