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Penicillin (Effective against gram-positive bacteria (bacteria capable of…

- - - - Lipopolysaccharides; large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide composed of O-antigen, outer core and inner core joined by a covalent bond.
- - - - Therefore less/ no ESC's or EPC's are formed, reducing the product formed, (being the bacterial cell wall).
      - However, since the inhibiter is the competitive type, this process is reversible, leading to a less effective result.
- - - - To modify or bypass the target that the antibiotic acts on.
        
        Camouflage; changing the composition or structure of the target in the bacterium.
        
        Express alternative proteins.
        
        For example, the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus can acquire the resistance gene mecA and produce a new penicillin-binding protein.
        
        Reprogram target. Sometimes bacteria can produce a different variant of a structure it needs.
      - To stop the antibiotic from reaching its target at a high enough concentration.
        
        For example, bacteria can produce pumps that sit in their membrane or cell wall, which can transport antibiotics out from the bacterium, lowering the antibiotic concentration inside the bacterial cell.
        
        Decrease permeability of the membrane that surrounds the bacterial cell.