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ID&T (Focus of the field (1960s (Rather than equating instructional…
ID&T
Focus of the field
Pre - 1960
Early definitions of IT focused on instructional media - the physical means via which instruction is presented to learners. During the first half of the twentieth century, most of those individuals involved in the field that we now call instructional technology were focusing most of their attention on instructional media (e.g., visual aids, sound recordings, radio broadcasting, motion pictures with sound...etc.).
1960s
Rather than equating instructional technology as a media via which the instruction is delivered, it started to be discussed as a process.
In 1963 (Ely, 2963), the first definition is approved by the major professional organization (Department of Audiovisual Instruction - Now (2019) Association for Educational Communications and Technology) and it reflects that IT is not simply about media.
Further, rather than focusing on media, the definition focused on "the design and use of messages which control the learning process" (p. 38).
1970s
The next major definition of IT is produced in 1970 by the Commission on Instructional Technology. This commission provided two definitions of IT in a report entitled as To Improve Learning.
In 1977 AECT adopted a new definition of the field and this definition placed a good deal of emphasis on a systematic ("complex, integrated") design process. This definition gave equal emphasis to people, materials and devices, reinforcing the notion that the work of instructional technologists was not limited to the development and use of media.
1990s
In at least two respects, the 1994 definition is similar to its two most recent predecessors. First, it does not separate teachers from media, incorporating both into the phrase "resources for learning." And second, it focuses on the improvement of learning as the goal of the field with instruction being viewed as a means to that end.
2008 (AECT)
Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
The new definition also indicates that one of the goals of professionals in the filed is to improve performance. The authors indicate that this term emphasizes that it is not sufficient to simply help learners acquire inert knowledge. Instead, the goal should be to help learners to apply the new skills and knowledge they have acquired.
Reiser & Dempsey
We believe that the two practices - the use of media for instructional purposes and the use of systematic instructional design procedures (often simply called instructional design) - are the key defining elements of the field of instructional design and technology.
Function of the field
1970s
The terms evaluation, development, management, analysis and organization were added to the list.
1990s
Analysis and organization remains, other terms subsumed under other ones...
1960s
Design as well as utilization were included
2008 (AECT)
The term ethical is included into the definition, facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
Pre - 1960
The utilization of media
Reiser & Dempsey
Products
1970s
Resources - The use of both human and nonhuman resources for instructional purposes, seemingly downplaying the role of media. Learning resources also included.
1990s
Learning resources and the process of learning
1960s
More focus on instructional messages.
2008 (AECT)
Pre 1960
Focus on instructional media. The use of visual aids such as the excursion, flat pictures, models, exhibits, charts, maps, graphs, motion pictures and so on.
Reiser & Dempsey
Goal
1970s
The goal of the field is to bring about more effective learning.
1990s
Improvement of learning as the goal of the field.
1960s
Facilitating learning
2008 (AECT)
Facilitating learning and improving performance
Pre - 1960
Improving instruction or education
Reiser & Dempsey
Improving human performance
Professionals in the field of ID&T use appropriate processes and tools to achieve their goal of facilitating human learning and improving the performance of individuals and organizations. (In Dr. Klein's slide)