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8. Sovereignty of ocean resources (distribution of major ocean resources…
8. Sovereignty of ocean resources
distribution of major ocean resources
Ocean floor abiotic resources
Iron, copper, zinc and gold
found near ocean floor black smokers
(hydrothermal vents)
at submarine plate boundaries
SW Pacific Ocean and Mid Atlantic ridge
Salt water penetrates cracks in crust, circulates down the magma chambers and brings elements to the surface.
Chemosynthesis
occurs to convert these minerals into energy. Food webs are created, including tube worms
Manganese nodules
dense lumps the size of a tennis ball of manganese, iron, silicates and hydroxide.
Chemical reactions occurring in seawater grow them by 2mm every 1 million years
Eastern pacific they
cover the sea floor the size of Europe.
Concentration in eastern pacific linked with hydrothermal activity at the East Pacific Rise.
usually located at depths below 4km
Cobalt crusts
depths around 1.3km on the flanks of submarine volcanos in
tectonically active regions such as the South Pacific
.
Found on land in only a few countries, therefore high in value if recovered.
fossil fuels
Oil still in the Gulf of Mexico 2010 was a result of an exploded oil rig.
despite huge risks, MNC's still have permits to drill close to the shorelines of Australis, China, Canada, China, Brazil and more.
linked to tectonic hazards - the Atlantic mirror theory
shows that the geology of Brazil match the west African coast. Angola and Brazil were once part of a giant oil reserve, which helped other countries locate oil fields in both areas in 2006.
deep offshore reserve for oil and gas
Commercial interest -
deep sea mining
deep seabed mining is equivalent to "standing on top of a New York Skyscraper on a windy day, trying to suck marbles off the street below with a vacuum cleaner and a long hose" - UNCLOS
Deep sea mining expected to begin in 2018.
Estmates $150 trillion worth of gold alone. Companies investing in the mining process have enough money to purchase whole countries.
Although coral only covers 2% of the ocean floor, it harbours 1/4 of the ocean species.
China's slow economic growth and recession reduced the profitability of ocean floor mineral recovery
in
Nome, Alaska
locals on a plywood boat are making a living from gold diving, earning between $20-$50,000 a day.
Geopolitical tensions and conflict
Management interactions
International Seabed Authority (ISA)
since 1994 ISA mapped the legal rights states have to use ocean floor resources beyond their own EEZ.
Argentina and Canada have large continental shelfs they think should be recognised as their own
ISA allowed the possibility for their EEZ to be extended up to a distance of 350 nautical miles
UN high seas protection
vital to the global marine system
$16 billion in fishing industry
In 2015 a treaty was established to protect important and vulnerable areas of the sea
Nenets, indigenous people
local scale, since 2000 Nenets have been more involved in the decision making and received compensation for damage or displacement.
Superpower tensions
South China Sea- Spratly Islands
30% worlds shipping trade passes through, vital for China's
energy security
Chinese are island building (9dash line, cabbage strategy)
notes in block 6
Development of satellites to track China's movements
in 2016,
UN said China has illegally infringed the Philippines sovereign rights to fish and develop energy sources
Arctic resources
Arctic contains 15% worlds undiscovered oil and 30% undiscovered gas
oil companies scrambling to get leases on drilling
Trump has reverse the Obama ban of fossil fuel activity in the region, and American company Hilcorp plan to extract 70,000 barrels and day. However this plan was halted at the end of 2018 due to lack of shoreline ice that they aimed to construct their drilling on(ironically).
90 billion barrels of oil
Ocean bed known as the
Lomonosov Ridge is an extension of Russia's continental shelf
, so may or may not be deemed an extension of their EEZ
The costs do not currently outweigh the benefits, and there also needs to be serious technology improvements. However
currently Portable XRF analyzers are being used to provide a valuable way to obtain rapid, real-time, on-site chemical analysis a site
.
Falkland Islands,
oil rush
remote area, small businesses have huge benefits from oil workers increasing production and selling.
Falkland government get 9% of all oil revenue
Argentina claim the land is theirs and that it is illegal exploration.
However large investments are stilling made which causes conflict.
the war fought by the UK an Argentina in 1982 was partly related to maritime jurisdiction.
Denmark vs UK fishing polices, Brexit (block 6)
Injustices from unequal access
Landlock countries
land-lock countries have been withheld the rate of progression in transporting goods that coastal communities have
Bolivia
trade has to pass through Chile as a result of Bolivia loosing in a 19th century war.
a strike by Chilean custom officials in 2013 caused a queue of lorries 2 miles long in Bolivia -
interdependence negative consequence
its best hope is becoming an EU style single market but the may take up to a century
one calculation states Bolivia's GDP would be 1/5th higher if it still had direct access to the sea.
indigenous people - Nenets
involving the Netet people is crucial
for the future oil and gas mining plans - a third of reindeer summer pastures has already been destroyed by construction.
Native Americans along Alaskas 14,000km of coastline are threatened by gold mining developments that pollute their water used for fishing.
GDP per person is 40% lower than the rest of their maritime neighbours
(Africa)
examples of not necessarily underdeveloped landlocked countries
Switzerland
is a major global finance centre and the headquarters of many MNCs.
Botswana
is a middle income country which exports diamonds using global air networks.
not all maritime countries benefit from the coastline either -
they can remain isolated rural areas and have greater risk of tectonic hazards like tsunamis or coastal erosion.
Chad
Exxon
gave them access to the sea when oils were discovered
poorest region in the world is next to the richest oil reserve.