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6. Global Governance of the Earth's oceans (post-1945 supranational…
6. Global Governance of the Earth's oceans
post-1945 supranational institutions
government:
enforcing direct control via rule of law. national resource and security
governance:
'steering' mechanisms. world peace and sustainability
European Union (EU)
trade, law, protecting the environment
Marine Directive
which controls pollution territorial waters by any EU nation.
EU marine strategy
Diverse and dynamic seas with good environmental status by 2020.
industrial - control underwater noise
environmental - clean sea floor and biodiversity. 5p carries bag charge to help reduce plastic in UK
estimated 50% reduction in plastic bags since the 5p charge in 2016
In Wales
- controlling underwater noice, balancing human activity and cleaning the sea floor to increase biodiversity
United Nations (UN)
by 1960s UN countries doubles
By 2000s, millennium development goals were agreed
Today 119 members, 85 thousands members of staff, $40,000 billion spent a year
also tackles human rights, health and economics
acts as un umbrella for many global agencies, agreements and treaties.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
helps protect environment and oceans
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
28 member states, includes the UK and USA whoa are major
maritime powers
takes a special interest in maritime security - piracy and migrants/refugees crisis' at sea.
powerful global g-groups
G20 formed in 1999
G8 (now 9, formed in 1975)
Laws and agreements
Exclusive economic zones (EEZs)
-
200 nautical miles from the coast. landlocked countries have the right to share
the coastal state has the right to exploit, develop, manage and conserve all resources, both
biotic (fish) and abiotic (oil, gas and minerals)
United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
pre 1939 'freedom of the sea', everyone had right of passage 3 miles around each state
1940s - 50s during this period their were low fish stocks, pollution from tankers,
covers all aspects of marine management,, territorial rights to biodiversity and conservation
Established in 1982 by UN security general, 160 countries
1960s-70s lack of legal clarity and territorial claims over European oceans caused political conflict particularly in the North Sea
Sustainability agreements
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
introduced in 2015
goal 14 - 'conserve and sustainably use the oceans, sea and marine resources'
Convention of International's Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES)
reinforces in 1975
adapted in 181 countries
Banned shark fins in China and Wales in Japan and Iceland
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
28 member states, includes the UK and USA whoa are major
maritime powers
takes a special interest in maritime security - piracy and migrants/refugees crisis' at sea.
security issues affecting maritime trade - choke points
Piracy Hotspots
Somalia
(Horn of Africa) (Gulf of Aden)
Worst year was 2011, where 237 incidents were reported . Most recent attack 16th October 2018.
MV Iceberg 1
- captives help for nearly 3 years . two crew members died and driven mad by prolonged confinement and beatings
lack of legal governance and maritime infrastructure
Solutions:
2008 first resolution was passed to respond to piracy and robbery against humanitarianism and commercial ships
Gulf of Guinea
(coast of west Africa, bordering Nigeria)
Shift of piracy attacks in recent years to this location. 31 incidents this year, whereas only 1 in Somalia
Port traffic significantly increased in Nigeria, so ships have to be anchored for longer making them vulnerable
Positive correlation between risk of tanker hijacking and oil prices
Strait of Malacca
(Indonesia)
Shortest sea route between India and China
Solutions:
- multilateral cooperation. In 2006, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore set up Malaccas Strait Sea Patrols to conduct coordinated surveillance on water
Average of 22 incidents in 2012-15. Decreased to only 2 in 2018.
Most cases carried out after dar by 4-6 perpetrators on small boats.
in 2018, America threatened to impose sanctions on any country to trades with Iran (excluding 8 countries) as well as sanctions on Iran. Could threaten the future of shipping trade as Iran trades with China and the EU. :!!: :!!:
New Global shipping route - NW passage
political issues arisen between Canada and US. Canada want control over route for history and territorial reasons
First trip travelled in 2013 and saved $80,000 in fuel than if it was to travel through the Panama Canal
Rely's on arctic ice melting which could potentially provide 13% of the undiscovered oil and 30% of undiscovered gas in the world
Oil choke points
Suez Canal
SEMEWE3 data cable passes through
most dangerous but important strategic waterway in the world
Main competitor agains Panama Canal because it is cheaper to sail around South Africa due to fall in oil prices
connects Middle East to Mediterranean
Panama Canal
(North America)
road and rail becoming more popular following China's recessions, and many operators continue to take the Suez Canal as it is cheaper.
Panama Canal authority will charge $800,000 per large vessel (exceeding 250m) but this may discourage businesses
Expansion of the canal
allows 14,000 tonnes rather than 6,000 to travel trough. Hopes to ease pressure of Middle Eastern chokepoints.
Pacific and Atlantic oceans cut through Panama
Only 108 feet wide but takes 6% of the Worlds trade
Strait of Hormuz
(Iran)
1/3 world's oil passes through
around
63% of the world's oil production
moves on maritime routes.
Strategic value of oceans - Island territories
Brexit - Denmark vs UK fishing grounds
If the EU lost access, there would be a loss of 6,000 full time jobs and a 50% reduction in EU's net profit
However UK promising we will have tonnes more fish if we leave the EU
EU regulated 40% of danish fishermen annual take is from UK waters
When UK joined in the EU in 1970s rights were given back to them
Denmark claim historical rights go back to 1400s
South China Sea - important energy pathway
30% worlds shipping trade they could have access too
The cabbage strategy
- slowly taking control of countries like Vietnam, blocking military bases in order to gain marine territory
9 dash line
which takes up 90% of the south china sea
Adding average of 3.5 acres per day
6 military bases build on new islands
China's
energy security
depends on the passage of oil tankers through these waters.
martime connections made by UK's history
British have tight connections with East coast of USA, North America and Brazil.
in 2011, most used port in Europe was In Rotterdam
commonwealth history
2013: 14 overseas colonies joined. New Commonwealth signed by Elizabeth I.
1980s: Indias independence granted
1914 - 1945: WW1 and WW2
1700s: Americas independence granted
HMS windrush 1948
despite the collapse of the British Empire, maritime super power remained.
Exemplified through the 417 economic migrants that travelled to London in 1948
remittances sent back to Jamaica
in the past, the UK was the world's greatest naval power. by 1920 Britain ruled over
20% of the world's population and 25% of its land area.
Falkland Islands
coastal regions have 40% of the earth's population