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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (Combustion of hydrocarbons (Hydrocarbon fuels release…
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Cracking
Long hydrocarbon chains are not flammable so they require a lot of energy to break so CRACKING is used.
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Alkenes
Have a double carbon bond, CnH2n
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Reactions of alkenes
Combustion - when we combust alkanes we produce carbon dioxide and water.
-Combusting alkenes produces unburnt carbon particles due to incomplete combustion
In hydration, the water must be in the form of steam, temp around 300 and pressure around 70 atmospheres. We use a catalyst in the process (phosphoric acid). To increase the yield of the product (ethanol), any unreacted product (ethene) and steam are passed back through the catalyst.
Addition polymers
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In addition polymers, monomers are always alkenes. The monomer has a double carbon bond, but its polymer has a single bond.
Condensation polymers
monomers are not alkene and when monomers react, small molecules such as water are lost
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Amino acids
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Polymers made from one type of amino acid are called polypeptides and polymers made from different amino acids are called proteins.
Alcohols
Uses-fuels, solvents, alcoholic drinks.
Same functional group which is OH
DNA
Found in all living organisms.
Consist of 2 polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides.
4 different monomers : G, A, T, C
Forms a double helix
Functional group-tells us the part of the molecule that determines how it reacts. An alkenes functional group is the carbon double bond
Molecules like alkenes are part of a group called the homologous series. Members of the homologous series all have the same functional group.
Alcohols
Hydration of ethene:
The reaction requires a lot of energy. So, the ethene comes from crude oil.
Fermentation of sugar:
We start with a sugar solution and mix it with yeast. The yeast then converts the sugar solution into ethanol+CO2.
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