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Chapter 8 (Kahoot (the largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the…

- - - - a "representative" neuron
    - - they receive incoming signals
    - - carries the outgoing signals
    - - the neurons communicates with another cell
  - - - has two or more dendrites and a single axon
    - - the dendrites and axon are continuous, and the cell body lies off to the side
    - - one dendrite and one axon-- with the cell body in between them
  - - - visceral sensory neurons
        
        intervate all other effectors, including cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
      - somatic sensory neurons
        
        proprioceptors
        
        monitor the activities of the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems
        
        external receptors
        
        provide information about the external environment in the form of tough, temperature, and pressure sensations
    - - Somatic motor neurons
        
        innervate skeletal muscles
      - visceral motor neurons
        
        sympathetic
        
        The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which also includes the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system activates what is often termed the fight or flight response.
        
        parasympathetic
        
        Body functions stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) include sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation. The PSNS primarily uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter. Peptides (such as cholecystokinin) may also act on the PSNS as neurotransmitters.
    - - afferent divisions of the PNS
- - - - Continuous propagation - of action potentials along an unmyelinate axon and affects one segment of the axon at a time. Saltatory propagation - Action potential along myelinated axon and is faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation.
    - - Saltatory conduction (from the Latin saltare, to hop or leap) is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.
    - - Hyperpolarization is when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane, while depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive). ... The opening of channels that let positive ions flow into the cell can cause depolarization.
  - - - ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger
    - - Extracellular fluid denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 60% of total body weight; women and the obese have a lower percentage than lean men.
    - - three sodium ions are extruded from and two potassium ions are imported into the cell.
    - - Extracellular fluid (ECF) or extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) usually denotes all the body fluid that is outside of the cells. The extracellular fluid can be divided into two major subcompartments: interstitial fluid and blood plasma.
    - - The leak channels allow Na+ and K+ to move across the cell membrane down their gradients
  - - - stimulus is a detectable change in the internal or external environment.
    - - The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV
    - - A neuron that emits an action potential, or nerve impulse, is often said to "fire".
    - - he membrane voltage that must be reached in an excitable cell (e.g., neuron or muscle cell) during a depolarization in order to generate an action potential.
    - - Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that vary in size, as opposed to being all-or-none.
    - - Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the overall physiology of an organism
    - - depolarization phase of an action potential has changed the membrane potential to a positive value.
- - - - from many neurons to one neuron
    - - from one neuron to many neurons
  - - - one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.
    - - the cell body or dendrite of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of a chemical neurotransmitter from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron.
    - - synaptic knobs
        
        At the synaptic knob, the action potential is converted into a chemical message which, in turn, interacts with the recipient neuron or effector.
  - - - Cholinergic synapses are simply synapses that use Acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. They are an important kind of synapse because they are so widespread in the body, passing on signals to muscle cells in all neuromuscular junctions.
- - - - seperates the inner surface of the dura mater from the second meingeal layer
    - - contains a small quantity of lymphatic fluid
    - - contains a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
- - - - integrates and coordinates the processing of sensory data and the transmission of motor commands
    - - includes all the neural tissue outside the CNS
  - - - the information is always processed
    - - Somatic Nervous System
        
        skeletal muscle
        
        effectors send motor commands to all the smooth muscle
      - Autonomic Nervous System
        
        Parasympathetic: decrease HR
        
        slows the heart rate
        
        Sympathetic: increase HR
        
        accelerates the heart rate
- - - - a narrow internal passageway filled with cerebrospinal fluid
    - - The dorsal root of spinal nerve (or posterior root of spinal nerve) is one of two "roots" which emerge from the spinal cord. It emerges directly from the spinal cord, and travels to the dorsal root ganglion. Nerve fibres with the ventral root then combine to form a spinal nerve.
    - - A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In the human body there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, one on each side of the vertebral column.
  - - - means to extend outward into the white matter
    - - The only difference is the different locations where each order of neuron ends. Decussation is the cross-over of the tract from one side to the other. Therefore, there are instances where the left side of the body is controlled by the right brain hemisphere.