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Chen_Queenie_Blk4_MM8 (Sexual Reproduction (Direct Contact (Conjugation…

- - - - eukaryotic gametes
        
        Meiosis I
        
        produces 2 haploid cells, of which each of their chromosomes have 2 chromatids
        
        crossing over occurs in Prophase I, allowing more genetic diversity
        
        Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, cytokinesis
        
        Meiosis II
        
        produces 4 haploid cells, of which each of their chromosomes only have 1 chromatid
        
        Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, cytokinesis
    - - prokaryotes
      - F+ cell donates F factor genes to F- cell through a conjugation pilus
        
        previously F- cell becomes F+ cell, too
      - F plasmid integrates into F+ cell's chromosomal DNA
        
        F+ cell becomes HFR cell
        
        HFR cell may donate some of their chromosomal DNA to F- cell
        
        HFR cell's F factor genes may disintegrate along with some chromosomal DNA
        
        becomes F' cell
  - - - prokaryotes and eukaryotes
      - host cell dies and viral particles escape from the cell
        
        viral particles infects other cells with phage DNA
        
        Lysogenic Cycle
        
        phage DNA fuses with the chromosomal DNA
        
        Lytic Cycle
        
        more phage DNA is synthesized and step one occurs again
  - - - prokaryotes
      - 2 types of cells, each missing the ability to produce a different type of amino acid, are in the same environment
        
        one type's cell die
        
        cell missing the ability of the dead cell takes some of its DNA through diffusion
        
        surviving cell can now produce the amino acid the dead cell could produce
    - - eukaryotes
- - - - Interphase
        
        G1 Phase
        
        cell grows
        
        S Phase
        
        DNA replication
        
        G2 Phase
        
        cell grows more and synthesizes more proteins
      - Mitosis
        
        Prophase
        
        Nuclear membrane disappears, chromosomes condense, spindles move to opposite sides
        
        Metaphase
        
        chromosomes align at metaphase plate, spindles attach to centromere of each chromosome
        
        Anaphase
        
        spindles pull sister chromatids apart to opposite sides of the cell
        
        Telophase
        
        nuclei begins to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil
        
        Cytokinesis
        
        parent cell splits into 2 daughter cells
      - eukaryotes
    - - prokaryotes, mitochondria, chloroplasts
      - DNA replicates and cell grows simultaneously, and then cytokinesis occurs, splitting the cell into two equally sized daughter cells
  - - - prokaryotes, fungi
      - a daughter cell is formed by an outgrowth from the cell