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Germany 1918-1945 (Nazi Germany 1933-1939 (Nazi Domestic Policies (Jewish…

- - - - 10% of members of the
        Reichstag were women
      - Contraception and abortion banned
      - 1933, Law for Encouragement of Marriage
        provided loans to help young couples marry
      - Medals awarded for women with
        large families (gold = 8)
      - 1939, women working increased by 50% since 1933
  - - - Van der Lubbe found guilty and executed
        by guillotine on January 9th 1934
    - - New Nazi chief of police called Hermann Goering
      - On the night of the fire, 4 000
        communists leaders were arrested
      - Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass
        'Decree for the Protection of the
        People and State'
        
        Gave police the power to search
        homes and imprison anyone arrested
      - March 5th 1933, Hitler called an
        election for a new Reichstag
        
        Nazi party won 288 seats
  - - - Used emergency powers to ban
        Communist Party members (81 seats)
      - Nationalist Party (52 seats) supported Hitler
      - Won support from the Centre Party (74 seats)
        by promising to protect the Catholic Church
    - - Marked an end to the
        Weimar Constitution
      - Hitler no longer needed Reichstag approval
        to make decisions
      - May 2nd 1933, Nazis arrested
        trade union leaders
        
        Nazis created the German Workers' Front
      - March 31st 1933 Nazis close down
        18 separate state parliaments
        
        January 1934, Hitler abolished
        state parliaments altogether
        
        May 10th 1933, Social Democrats suspended
        
        July 1933, Hitler created a new law
        that banned all poltical parties except the Nazis
  - - - SA becoming too powerful
      - Heinrich Himmler (SS)
        resented the SA
      - SA members continuing
        to use violence
      - People in the Nazi Party
        offended by Rohm's
        homosexuality
    - - June 30th 1934, members of
        SS arrested 200 SA officers
      - 90 SA members killed
        in Munich
      - von Kahr and Schleicher
        removed, along with
        Gregor Strasser
  - - - Censorship
        
        Newspapers were strictly controlled
        and were part of the Reich
        Press Chamber
        
        1934, all radio stations in Germany
        brought into Reich Radio Company
        
        Ministry of Propaganda made a
        list of unacceptable literature
      - Propaganda
        
        Factories encouraged to produce
        cheap radio sets
        
        By 1939, 70% German households had a radio
        
        Nazis used public parades and rallies
        
        1936 Berlin Olympic Games
        
        Used to show the world the Aryan race
        
        Jesse Owens, a black
        American,
        won 4 gold medals
    - - 1936, Himmler brought the SS
        and Gestapo together
      - SS responsible for identifying
        and arresting political prisoners
      - Gestapo was responsible
        for state security
        
        Handed suspects to the SS
        to be tortured
        
        Had 30 000 officers by 1942
    - - 'Race Studies' taught young people
        that the Aryans were superior and
        Jews were the lowest racial type
      - 1933, Nazis banned other youth groups
      - Types of Youth groups
        
        Young German Folk
        (Boys 10-14)
        
        German Young Girls
        (10-14)
        
        Hitler Youth
        (Boys 14-18)
        
        League of German Maidens
        (14-18)
      - By 1939, 8 million members
  - - - 1933, concordat signed
        with Nazis
      - 1937, Pope Pius XI made a
        statement that attacked the
        Nazi criticism of the church
        
        Membership of the Catholic
        League was made illegal
        
        State funding for the
        Church was cut
        
        Gestapo & SS began
        spying on Church
        organisations
        
        Catholic Church schools
        were closed
    - - 'German Christians' referred
        themselves as 'SA of the Church'
      - 1933, Hitler made the church
        the Reich Church
        
        Ludwig Muller made Bishop
        
        18 pastors lost
        their jobs
      - Martin Niemoller &
        Dietrich Bonhoeffer
        set up the Confessional
        Church in 1934
        
        objected the Nazis
        
        believed the Church should
        be independent
        
        against Nazis inteferring
        with religious faith
        
        had 5 000 members, becoming
        a threat to the Nazis
        
        Niemoller and many others were
        sent to concentration camps
        
        Bonhoeffer was hung in 1945
    - - 1933, Sterilisation
        Law passed
        
        700 000
        sterilised
        
        From September 1933,
        tramps and beggars were
        also sterilised
        
        From 1939, people with
        mental illnesses were starved
        or lethally injected and later
        killed in gas chambers
        
        Policy was protested in 1941
        but over 70 000 had been
        killed
      - From 1936, juvenile delinquents,
        tramps, homosexuals and Jews
        were sent to concentration camps
      - Approx 30 000 gypsies sent
        to concentration camps from 1938
        
        1938, decree for 'Struggle against
        the Gypsy Plague' forced gypsies
        to register with the state
        
        1935, intermarriage between
        Germans and gypsies was banned
      - Marriage between
        blacks and
        Aryan was banned
        in 1935
    - - April 1933, Nazi government
        organised a nationwide boycott
        on Jewish shops and businesses
      - 1935, Jews were banned from public
        places and the army
      - September 1935,
        Nuremberg Laws
        introduced
        
        Reich Law for the Protection
        of German Blood
        
        Jews and Aryans could not marry
        
        Aryans already married to Jews
        were encouraged to divorce
        
        Reich Law on Citizenship
        
        Only people of German blood
        were German citizens
        
        Jews could no longer vote
        in elections or hold a
        German passport
      - January 1939, Reich Office for Jewish Emigration
        was set up
        
        Responsible for speeding up
        Jewish emigration
        
        1941, Nazis banned
        emigration
        
        2/3 German Jews had fled the country
        by then but 160 000 remained
      - From 1938
        
        All possessions had to
        be registered with the
        government
        
        Jews had to carry identity
        cards at all times
        
        Jewish professionals (doctors
        and lawyers) were not allowed to take on
        work for non-Jews
      - Kristallnacht The Night
        of Broken Glass
        
        November 1938, a German
        official in the Paris Embassy
        was murdered by a Jewish man
        
        November 9th-10th
        
        800 shops owned by
        Jews were destroyed
        
        191 synagogues were
        vandalised or burned
        
        Jewish homes were attacked
        and property was damaged or
        stolen
        
        91 Jews were killed
        and 30 000 were
        arrested
    - - Economic Plans
        
        Dr Hjalmar Schat's (Minister
        of the Economy) 'New Plan'
        to reduce imports and
        unemployment
        
        Gave Hitler the money to
        rearm Germany
        
        Trade agreements with
        other countries to guarantee
        Germany's supply of raw materials
        
        From 1936, Hermann Goering
        was in charge of the
        'Four Year Plan' to prepare
        Germany for war
        
        Making Germany self-
        sufficient in terms of oil,
        steel and rubber (Autarky)
        
        Propaganda campaign
        to get Germans to buy
        German products
        
        Frequent food
        shortages
        and rationing
        
        1939, Germany
        had to import 1/3
        raw materials
      - Nazis continued with policies
        from the Weimar Republic after
        the Wall Street Crash
      - Hitler made
        rearmament
        important
        
        Spent 2 million
        Reichsmarks in 1933
        
        Spent 17 million
        Reichsmarks in 1937
        
        Created more jobs
        in arms factories and
        industries
      - Treaty of Versailles limited
        the army to 100 000 men,
        but by 1938, there were approx
        900 000 men
      - The Reality
        
        From 1933, women were encouraged
        to stay at home and from 1937, women were
        encouraged back into the work force
        
        Jews were forced from their jobs (Aryans
        took their positions)
        
        National Labour Service (RAD) set up to
        organise unemployed men
        to do manual work
        
        Single men had to serve 6 months
        
        After 1935, unemployed men were
        forced to join RAD
        
        Used to build motorways and other
        public building projects
        
        Anyone temporarily employed were counted
        as in full employment
        
        Over 1 million people who may
        have wanted work were excluded
        from unemployment figures
      - German Labour Front (DAF)
        
        Led by Dr Robert Ley
        
        Both employers and employees
        were in the DAF
        
        DAF wanted more work
        without more pay so two
        programmes were set up
        to improve workers' lives
        
        Strength Through Joy (KDF)
        
        Purpose was the run activities
        for workers in their leisure time
        
        Intention was to create satisfied workers
        
        Responsible for the Volkswagen project
        
        Rewards were offered to the
        hardest workers
        
        Beauty of Labour (SDA)
        
        Responsible for improving working conditions
        
        Encouraged employers to provide canteens,
        sport and leisure facilities
        
        Many employers provided facilities but expected
        workers to build them in their spare time, taking
        contributions towards their running costs from
        employees' wages
- - - - Hitler and Drexler rewrote the aims of the party
        (25 Point Programme)
      - The party was renamed the National Socialist
        German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
    - - Nationalists were keen on the end of
        the Treaty of Versailles
      - People who wanted someone to blame for Germany's
        problems were attracted by anti-Semitism
      - Middle classes and big businesses liked
        anti-communist ideas
    - - The party could buy the
        newspaper People's Observer
    - - Created as a paramilitary force
      - Ernst Rohm became head of the SA
  - - - 1918-1923, many Germans were angry at
        the Weimar Republic
      - Leaders of the Bavarian state government, Gustav
        von Kahr, were hostile to the Weimar government
      - 1921-1922, the Nazis were influenced by
        fascists, led by Mussolini
      - Hitler believed that the Nazi Party was ready to
        seize power, with 20 000 supporters and the SA
    - - 8th November 1923
        
        Hitler and the SA storm the beer hall
        
        Hitler forced Kahr and Lossow to support his plan to march into Berlin
        
        SA used violence and intimidation against members of the Bavarian government
        
        Lossow and Kahr swore loyalty to the Putsch
      - 9th November 1923
        
        President Ebert declared state of emergency
        
        Lossow and Kahr announced their opposition to the Putsch
        
        Ludendorff believed the soldiers would give him support
        
        2 000 Nazis and supporters marched into Munich
        
        Armed police killed 14 Nazis
      - 11th November 1923
        
        Hitler was arrested and sent to jail in February 1924 for 9 months
  - - - Lebensraum (need for living space for Germans)
        and the dominance of the Aryan race
      - The Treaty of Versailles must be undone
      - Germany must invade Russian land to drive out the communist threat
  - - - USA recalled loans it made to Germany
    - - 1933, more than 50% people aged 16-30 were unemployed
      - 4 out of 10 factory workers couldn't get jobs
      - Many farmers were in debt
      - Businessmen struggled as people had less money to spend on goods
    - - SDP and Centre Party fell out
        
        Heinrich Bruning (Centre Party) suggested making
        cuts to welfare benefits but Hermann Muller (SDP)
        refused to accept
        
        Muller resigned and Bruning
        became chancellor
        
        Asked President Hindenburg to use Article 48 as he
        didn't have the majority in the Reichstag
        
        Bruning introduced tax rises and further
        cuts to unemployment benefits
        
        Germans turned to extreme
        political parties
        
        Nazis gave people scapegoats, claiming that Jews, Communists and Weimar politicians caused Germany's problems
        
        1930 election, Nazis won 107 seats and the Communists won 77 seats
  - - - Causes
        
        SA
        
        1930, SA had 400 000 members and helped
        Nazis to appear stronger
        
        Disrupted the meetings of political opponents
        
        1930 & 1932 elections, used violence
        to threaten opposition
        
        Appeal of Hitler
        
        1930-1932 election campaigns made Hitler appear
        as a strong leader that Germany needed
        
        Powerful business interests supported Hitler
        and provided financial backing for him
        
        Wealthy business owners, Krupps and Siemens, gave
        money to help the Nazis promote their message
        
        Nazi propaganda
        
        Parades and marches were organised
        by mobile Nazi units
        
        Nazis owned 8 different newspapers
        
        Huge rallies were held
        
        Posters were designed to target
        different groups in Germany
      - von Schleicher & Hindenburg
        
        von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to
        make Hitler chancellor
        
        von Papen believed he could control
        Hitler from the background
        
        von Schleicher appointed chancellor
        
        Wanted to be head of a
        military dictatorship
    - - July 1932 elections, Nazis won 230 seats
      - 1932, Bruning tried
        using a presidential
        decree to ban the SA & SS
        
        Kurt von Schleicher removed Bruning
        and replaced him with a coalition of
        army officers & rich landowners
    - - Made the suitable figurehead of a new
        coalition by von Schleicher
      - Called another election
        
        Nazis won 190 seats, resulting in
        von Papen resigning
- - - - The impact of WW1
        
        Armistice signed 11th November 1918
        
        Kaiser went into exile in Holland 9th November 1918
    - - Rival groups fighting on the
        streets for power
        
        Spartacist Uprising
        5th January 1919
        
        Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
        
        Spartacus League occupied the headquarters of government newspaper and telephone offices in Berlin
        
        Demobilised soldiers, the Freikorps, were sent by the government to end the revolt
        
        Kapp Putsch March 1920
        
        January 1920, the government reduced the number of troops in the army from 650 000 to 100 000
        
        1920, Ebert attempted to disband two Freikorps units
        
        March 1920, the Freikorps marched into Berlin and declared Dr Wolfgang Kapp as Germany's new leader
        
        Ebert moved the government out of Berlin and encouraged the people to go on a general strike
        
        Essential supplies, such as gas, water and electricity were disrupted by the strikes
        
        Kapp fled to Sweden, the government returned to Berlin and the Freikorps were disbanded
  - - - 82% of the electorate voted
      - Ebert's SDP won 40% of the seats
    - - All men and women over the age of 20 were given the right to vote
      - A parliamentary democracy was set up
        which elected the Reichstag to make laws
        and appoint the government
        
        The head of government (chancellor) was elected every 7 years
      - Consisted of 18 states, organised as a federation
    - - Germany was politically divided and
        economically damaged
      - Proportional representation meant
        that cooperation was required that
        Germany had no experience with
        
        Coalitions were formed that led to an unstable government
  - - - Alsace and Lorraine were lost to France
      - Eupen and Malmedy were lost to Belgium
      - Posen and West Prussia were lost to Poland
    - - 'November Criminals' were the politicians that signed the Treaty
    - - Navy limited to 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats
      - Army restricted to 100 000 men
      - No tanks, submarines or air force
  - - - French and Belgians took industrial products instead of cash payments
      - Belgian and French forces didn't leave until July 1925
    - - German workers went
        on strike, forcing the French
        to bring their own workers
        
        100 French civilians were killed by the occupying forces
    - - German government temporarily popular
        
        Provided strike pay for the workers involved in the passive resistance
        
        united the German nation
      - German economy was already
        struggling before 1923
        
        German government printed more money,
        resulting in the value of money dropping
        
        Hyperinflation
        
        If there are 20 million marks' worth of banknotes in circulation,
        then the total value adds up to 10 million marks
        
        1923: government had 300 paper mills and 200 printing shops to print money
- - - - Was chancellor for only 4 months before becoming foreign secretary
  - - - The USA loaned Germany
        800 million gold marks
        
        Over the next 6 years, Germany received more than 25 billion marks in loans from USA
      - Reparation payments were lowered to 1 000 million marks for the first 5 years
      - Allies agreed to review the payment rate over time
      - French agreed to withdraw troops from the Ruhr
      - Allies were given some control of the Reichsbank and the railways in Germany
    - - Opposition
        
        Nationalist groups were angry that Germany would still continue to pay reparations
        
        Alfred Hugenberg organised a petition against the plan and managed to get 4 million signatures
        
        14% voted against the plan in the December 1929 referendum
      - Positives
        
        Germany was only obliged to pay a third of the annual sum each year
        
        Total reparations bill was reduced to $8 billion
        
        Payments would be made over 59 years
  - - - Germany agreed to accept its new western borders
      - All countries involved agreed to avoid military force expect in self-defence
      - Germany agreed that Alsace-Lorraine would be French
      - Germany's eastern borders could be settled by 'peaceful means'
    - - September 1926, Stresemann persuaded the other great powers to allow Germany to join the League of Nations
      - Increased Germans' confidence in the Weimar regime
    - - August 1928, 62 countries signed the pact
      - Aim of the pact was to prevent a future war
- - - - Ghettos
        
        Walled-off areas
        where Jews were
        crammed in poor
        housing
        
        Food was restricted
        and starvation was
        common
        
        In Warsaw, a 3.5m high wall
        was topped with barbed wire
        and broken glass
        
        Between January 1941 & July 1942,
        an average of 4 000 Jews died each month
        from disease or starvation
    - - Fewer than 200 000
        Jews in Germany
      - 3 million Jews in
        Poland
    - - Death Squads
        
        Einsatzgruppen were ordered to
        put Jews to death
        
        Rounded up Jewish men, women,
        children along with Communist party
        leaders and gypsies, and confiscated
        any valuables
        
        Marched victims to fields and forests
        on the outskirts of towns
        
        Jews were shot or gasses and bodies
        were thrown into mass graves
        
        Thought to have murdered over 1.2 million
        civilians in the Soviet Union by 1943
      - Camps
        
        Concentration camps were built in eastern Poland
        and Jews were forced to carry out forced labour
        
        At a conference in Wannsee in Berlin in January 1942,
        the Nazis converted some of the camps to extermination
        camps where Jews would be killed
        
        Over the next 4 years, 6 million Jews
        were killed in the Holocaust
        
        5 million non-Jews were also killed in camps,
        such as Auschwitz, Treblinka and Sobibor
        
        Huge showers were built and up to
        2 000 Jews were sent at a time and were gassed
        
        Bodies were burned afterwards
        in huge ovens
        
        April 1943, uprising in Warsaw ghetto
        against transporting to the camps
        
        56 000 Jews were arrested
        7 000 shot and the
        rest sent to camps
        
        Rudolph Hoess, commandant of
        Auschwitz camp,
        was hanged for war crimes in 1947
  - - - September 1939 = Poland
      - April 1940 = Denmark and Norway
      - May 1940 = France, Belgium,
        Netherlands and Luxembourg
      - April 1941 = Yugoslavia and Greece
    - - As mass Allied bombing attacks became more
        common from 1942,children mass evacuation began
        
        Children placed in one of the 9 000 camps
        supervised by the Hitler Youth leaders & teachers
        
        2.5 million German children
        evacuated to rural areas, such as
        Bavaria
      - From August 1940, British RAF carried out
        bombing attacks on German cities
        
        Initially military and industrial
        targets bombed
        
        From 1942,
        a new tactic
        was used
        
        Between March and July 1943,
        43 German cities were bombed
        
        Raids on Hamburg in summer of 1943
        killed 42 600 German civilians and forced
        1 million to evacuate
        
        From 1944, Allies began focusing
        on strategic targets,
        such as railways, bridges
        and motorways
        
        Estimated that bombing raids reduced
        German war production by 1%
        
        Allied raids on the Ruhr Valley
        in 1944 reduced metal production
        by 40%
    - - First began in August 1939, including
        bread, meat, dairy and soap
      - Food stamps
        issued to
        civilians
        
        Theft of food stamps was a criminal offence and resulted
        in a sentence at a forced labour camp
      - Toilet paper was almost non-existent
      - Tobacco was so rare that it could be used to buy other goods
      - May 1942,
        government
        cut rations
        
        Bread restricted to half a loaf daily per person
        
        Meat restricted to 40g daily per person
      - Over 3 million Germans in the east fled west to escape
        the advancing Soviet army at the end of the war
    - - June 1941, Operation Barbarossa
        
        November 1941, Germans threatening
        Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev
        
        Temperatures dropped, causing
        the Germans to halt
        
        Germans short of winter
        equipment and food
        
        Over 2 million German
        soldiers died
        
        Soviets adopted a scorched
        earth policy as they retreated
      - February 1943, Goebbels told
        the German people that they
        were in 'total war'
        
        Early years of the war,
        workers from occupied
        countries recruited
        
        October 1941, Hitler announced
        Russian prisoners to
        act as slave labour
        
        By 1944, over 7 million
        prisoners were working for
        German industry
        
        From January 1943, all men
        aged 16-65 and all women
        aged 17-45 had to register
        as available for work
        
        August 1944, a ban on holidays
        was introduced and working weeks
        became 60 hours
        
        By 1943, labour shortage was so serious
        Hitler had to allow women to help
        the war effort
        
        Professional sports teams and
        leisure was shut down
        but cinemas stayed open
        
        Postal service were reduced to save fuel
        
        Volkssturm was forced to help protect
        Germany from invasion
        
        By the end of the war, boy aged 12+ were
        forced to join the Volkssturm
    - - Hitler's opposition to women working
        meant that the number of female workers reduced
        between 1939 and 1941
      - June 1941, Goering ordered any women
        without children to register for work
        
        'Total war' in 1943 meant that
        women aged 17-45 had to register
        
        mid 1943, half a million extra
        women were working in industry
        
        By the end of the war, women made
        up 60% of Germany's labour force
      - Psychological impact of the war
        
        Women were in constant fear of hearing that
        their husbands or sons had been killed
        
        Some women struggled to raise their family without a partner
        
        German cities suffered heavy bombing and food shortages
        
        Soviet army raped thousands of German women
  - - - Communist resistance movements that operated underground opposed the Nazis
      - Long-tern opponents of the Nazis
      - After the German invasion of the
        Soviet Union, the party increased its
        secret campaigning
        
        Had over 100 underground cells across Germany
        
        Gestapo infiltrated the party
    - - Protestant
        Church
        
        Members read a
        statement in the
        churches in 1943,
        criticising the
        treatment of Jews
      - Roman Catholic Church
        
        Supported German invasion of
        the Soviet Union
        
        Individual priests spoke out
        against Nazis policies towards
        those with mental or physical
        disabilities
      - A number of priests
        and pastors were
        executed for opposing
        the Nazi regime
    - - Met multiple times in 1942/3 to discuss
        how to oppose the Nazi regime
      - Members
        included:
        
        German nobility
        
        Lawyers
        
        Politicians
      - Gestapo found out about the group
        and broke it up
    - - Members generally middle-class Germans
        who wanted to listen to American or British
        'swing music'
      - Particularly enjoyed 'jazz' which was viewed
        by the Nazis as 'degenerate' because of
        the links to black Americans
      - Groups started in major German towns
        
        Nazis sent leading members to
        concentration camps
    - - Started in the Rhineland in 1937
      - Members hated the Hitler Youth
      - Objected to conscription
        and military training in the Hitler Youth
      - Members were usually working class and
        strongly anti-establishment
      - Activities became more serious
        as the war progressed
        
        Gave shelter to army deserters
        and escaped prisoners
        
        Stole food and supplies from
        store or freight trains
        
        Derailed trains cars full of
        ammunition and supplied
        adult resistance groups
        with explosives
        
        In 1944, Barthel Schink was executed
        for planning to blow up a Gestapo
        building in Cologne
    - - Founded by Hans and Sophie Scholl
      - Most members were students
        at Munich University
      - Criticised the treatment of Jews and Slavs
      - In 1942-1943,
        the group published
        6 leaflets criticising
        the Nazis
        
        1 stated that Hitler
        was leading Germany to
        an inevitable defeat
      - Hans and Sophie were caught and executed
    - - Led by General Ludwig Beck,
        Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg
        and Dr Carl Goerdeler
      - July 20th 1944, von Stauffenberg
        took a bomb to Hitler's military
        headquarters in East Prussia
      - 4 people killed but Hitler survived
      - Von Stauffenberg and Beck attempted
        to seized control of Berlin but failed
        
        Beck attempted to commit suicide but only
        wounded himself severely so was shot instead
        
        Von Stauffenberg was also shot and
        Goerdeler was hanged
      - Himmler was put in charge
        of finding the plotters
        
        7 000 people were arrested
        
        6 000 of them were executed
    - - October 1944, uprising in Cologne against
        Gestapo and Nazi officials resulted in
        dozens of Germans being publicly hanged
      - 11 attempts to kill Hitler
    - - By 1945, Allies and Soviet Union were advancing on Germany
      - More German soldiers died in the final 4 months
        of the war than in the whole of 1942 and 1943
        put together
      - Huge numbers of refugees
        fled to avoid the
        Allied bombing or the
        advancing Red Army
        
        Up to a million civilians died from hunger,
        disease or cold
      - Hitler committed suicide on April 30th 1945 after shooting himself
      - Admiral Doenitz surrendered to the Allies on May 7th 1945