Nicolas_Riselle_Block4_MM8
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
have organelles
divide mainly by mitosis and cytokinesis
have linear chromosomes
metaphase
anaphase
prophase
telophase
go through cell cycle to divide
goes through cell cycle to divide
divide mainly by binary fission
no organelles
circular chromosomes
chromosome duplication
chromosomes condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form
chromosomes line up at center, spindle fiber latch to centromere
sister chromatids split and go towards opposite poles
animal cells
chromosome separation
cell division
chromosome separation
cell division
chromosome duplication
ensures each daughter cell receives a full set of parent’s genetic info
cytokinesis; actual splitting of parent cell to two daughter cells
parent cell cloned
produces two genetically identical daughter cells
two daughter cells receive genetic info from two different individuals
genetically similar to parent
viral mediated
non-viral mediated
direct contact
unequal division
equal division
budding (mostly prokaryotes + fungi)
mitosis (eukaryotic somatic cells)
binary fission (bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
conjugation (prokaryotes)
meiosis & fertilization (eukaryotic gametes)
transduction
transformation (prokaryotes mostly)
transfection (eukaryotes)
somatic cells go through cell cycle
Interphase
G1
S
G0
G2
non dividing cells stay at resting stage
protein and DNA synthesis continues, cell continues to grow
DNA replication duplicates chromatids (and centrioles), forms sister chromatids
increased organelle production prepping cytoplasm to divide (and protein and DNA synthesis)
plant cells
membrane begin to pinch at mid-cell and the nuclear envelope reforms
vesicles from golgi move to the center of cell and fuse to form cell plate that grows into the cell membrane and fuses with it to form two daughter cells, the cell wall forms in between
cell cycle regulators
p53
APC (anaphase promoting factor)
MPF (mitosis promoting factor)
positively regulates chomatid separation
positively regulates cell's progress
negatively regulates cell's progress
acts in anaphase (M-spindle checkpoint)
acts on G2/M
acts G1/S and G2/M
activates separase, degrades cohesin (chromatid glue)
checks for DNA damage
promotes right sized cell
if encounters cell w/ irreparable DNA damage, triggers automated cell death (apoptosis
made of CDK and cyclin
parent cell grows before splitting through membrane pinches
creating two daughter cells of equal size
single daughter cell (initially small) is formed as an outgrowth (bud) from parent cell
remain attached until it grows into a sufficient size to then separate similarly to binary fission
meiosis II
meiosis I
fertilization
reduces chromosome count from diploid to haploid
Prophase I (difference to mitosis, cross overs)
anaphase I (difference) homologous chromosomes split
similar to mitosis, except cell is haploid
two different gamete cells fuse to form a diploid zygote
restores cell to diploid
The “male” F+ cell containing the F factor gene (and a bacterial chromosome) forms the conjugation (sex) pilus (a cytoplasmic bridge) to a “female” F- cell.
F+ donates genetic material from its cytoplasm to F- cell
viral (caused by a virus) mediated intro of foreign genetic material into cell
in bacteria tranduction
bacteriophage injects its DNA(or RNA) into bacteria cell
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
viral DNA integrates w/ host cell DNA (bacterial chromosome) to produce recombinant prophage DNA
Cell remains healthy but whenever it replicates its DNA in prep for division, the viral DNA also replicated
millions of viral particles are produced in short time and host cell is lysed to release new viral particles to infect a new healthy cell
virus will incorporate some of host DNA into released viral particles that eventually is introduced to other host cells
naturally occurring non-viral (not caused by a virus) mediated mechanism of introducing foreign genetic material
can be induced artificially by altering bacteria local environment that causes membrane pores to form
where foreign genetic material diffuse through to enter cell
artificial transformation in eukaryotic cells