Nicolas_Riselle_Block4_MM8

Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

have organelles

divide mainly by mitosis and cytokinesis

have linear chromosomes

metaphase

anaphase

prophase

telophase

go through cell cycle to divide

goes through cell cycle to divide

divide mainly by binary fission

no organelles

circular chromosomes

chromosome duplication

chromosomes condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

chromosomes line up at center, spindle fiber latch to centromere

sister chromatids split and go towards opposite poles

animal cells

chromosome separation

cell division

chromosome separation

cell division

chromosome duplication

ensures each daughter cell receives a full set of parent’s genetic info

cytokinesis; actual splitting of parent cell to two daughter cells

parent cell cloned

produces two genetically identical daughter cells

two daughter cells receive genetic info from two different individuals

genetically similar to parent

viral mediated

non-viral mediated

direct contact

unequal division

equal division

budding (mostly prokaryotes + fungi)

mitosis (eukaryotic somatic cells)

binary fission (bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts)

conjugation (prokaryotes)

meiosis & fertilization (eukaryotic gametes)

transduction

transformation (prokaryotes mostly)

transfection (eukaryotes)

somatic cells go through cell cycle

Interphase

G1

S

G0

G2

non dividing cells stay at resting stage

protein and DNA synthesis continues, cell continues to grow

DNA replication duplicates chromatids (and centrioles), forms sister chromatids

increased organelle production prepping cytoplasm to divide (and protein and DNA synthesis)

plant cells

membrane begin to pinch at mid-cell and the nuclear envelope reforms

vesicles from golgi move to the center of cell and fuse to form cell plate that grows into the cell membrane and fuses with it to form two daughter cells, the cell wall forms in between

cell cycle regulators

p53

APC (anaphase promoting factor)

MPF (mitosis promoting factor)

positively regulates chomatid separation

positively regulates cell's progress

negatively regulates cell's progress

acts in anaphase (M-spindle checkpoint)

acts on G2/M

acts G1/S and G2/M

activates separase, degrades cohesin (chromatid glue)

checks for DNA damage

promotes right sized cell

if encounters cell w/ irreparable DNA damage, triggers automated cell death (apoptosis

made of CDK and cyclin

parent cell grows before splitting through membrane pinches

creating two daughter cells of equal size

single daughter cell (initially small) is formed as an outgrowth (bud) from parent cell

remain attached until it grows into a sufficient size to then separate similarly to binary fission

meiosis II

meiosis I

fertilization

reduces chromosome count from diploid to haploid

Prophase I (difference to mitosis, cross overs)

anaphase I (difference) homologous chromosomes split

similar to mitosis, except cell is haploid

two different gamete cells fuse to form a diploid zygote

restores cell to diploid

The “male” F+ cell containing the F factor gene (and a bacterial chromosome) forms the conjugation (sex) pilus (a cytoplasmic bridge) to a “female” F- cell.

F+ donates genetic material from its cytoplasm to F- cell

viral (caused by a virus) mediated intro of foreign genetic material into cell

in bacteria tranduction

bacteriophage injects its DNA(or RNA) into bacteria cell

lytic cycle

lysogenic cycle

viral DNA integrates w/ host cell DNA (bacterial chromosome) to produce recombinant prophage DNA

Cell remains healthy but whenever it replicates its DNA in prep for division, the viral DNA also replicated

millions of viral particles are produced in short time and host cell is lysed to release new viral particles to infect a new healthy cell

virus will incorporate some of host DNA into released viral particles that eventually is introduced to other host cells

naturally occurring non-viral (not caused by a virus) mediated mechanism of introducing foreign genetic material

can be induced artificially by altering bacteria local environment that causes membrane pores to form

where foreign genetic material diffuse through to enter cell

artificial transformation in eukaryotic cells