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Nicolas_Riselle_Block4_MM8 (Eukaryotic Cells (divide mainly by mitosis and…
Nicolas_Riselle_Block4_MM8
Sexual Reproduction
two daughter cells receive genetic info from two different individuals
genetically similar to parent
viral mediated
transduction
viral (caused by a virus) mediated intro of foreign genetic material into cell
in bacteria tranduction
bacteriophage injects its DNA(or RNA) into bacteria cell
lytic cycle
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lysogenic cycle
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non-viral mediated
transformation (prokaryotes mostly)
naturally occurring non-viral (not caused by a virus) mediated mechanism of introducing foreign genetic material
transfection (eukaryotes)
can be induced artificially by altering bacteria local environment that causes membrane pores to form
where foreign genetic material diffuse through to enter cell
artificial transformation in eukaryotic cells
direct contact
conjugation (prokaryotes)
The “male” F+ cell containing the F factor gene (and a bacterial chromosome) forms the conjugation (sex) pilus (a cytoplasmic bridge) to a “female” F- cell.
F+ donates genetic material from its cytoplasm to F- cell
meiosis & fertilization (eukaryotic gametes)
meiosis II
similar to mitosis, except cell is haploid
meiosis I
reduces chromosome count from diploid to haploid
Prophase I (difference to mitosis, cross overs)
anaphase I (difference) homologous chromosomes split
fertilization
two different gamete cells fuse to form a diploid zygote
restores cell to diploid
Asexual Reproduction
parent cell cloned
produces two genetically identical daughter cells
unequal division
budding (mostly prokaryotes + fungi)
single daughter cell (initially small) is formed as an outgrowth (bud) from parent cell
remain attached until it grows into a sufficient size to then separate similarly to binary fission
equal division
mitosis (eukaryotic somatic cells)
somatic cells go through cell cycle
Interphase
G1
protein and DNA synthesis continues, cell continues to grow
S
DNA replication duplicates chromatids (and centrioles), forms sister chromatids
G0
non dividing cells stay at resting stage
G2
increased organelle production prepping cytoplasm to divide (and protein and DNA synthesis)
cell cycle regulators
p53
negatively regulates cell's progress
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APC (anaphase promoting factor)
positively regulates chomatid separation
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MPF (mitosis promoting factor)
positively regulates cell's progress
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binary fission (bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts)
parent cell grows before splitting through membrane pinches
creating two daughter cells of equal size
Eukaryotic Cells
have organelles
have linear chromosomes
divide mainly by mitosis and cytokinesis
metaphase
chromosomes line up at center, spindle fiber latch to centromere
anaphase
sister chromatids split and go towards opposite poles
prophase
chromosomes condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form
telophase
animal cells
membrane begin to pinch at mid-cell and the nuclear envelope reforms
plant cells
vesicles from golgi move to the center of cell and fuse to form cell plate that grows into the cell membrane and fuses with it to form two daughter cells, the cell wall forms in between
go through cell cycle to divide
chromosome duplication
chromosome separation
cell division
Prokaryotic Cells
goes through cell cycle to divide
chromosome separation
cell division
cytokinesis; actual splitting of parent cell to two daughter cells
chromosome duplication
ensures each daughter cell receives a full set of parent’s genetic info
divide mainly by binary fission
no organelles
circular chromosomes