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Deduction Vs. Induction (Deduction (deductive reasoning (starts with a…
Deduction Vs. Induction
Deduction
reasoning from general premises that are presumed to be known to more specific, certain conclusions
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involves reasoning from known premises, or premises presumed to be true, to a certain conclusion
the conclusions reached are certain, inevitable, inescapable
deductive reasoning
starts with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applies it to a specific case (a minor premise)
the fundamental property of a valid, deductive argument is that if the premises are true, then the conclusion necessarily follows
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often structured as a syllogism: a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion
examples
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conclusion: Therefore, Bessie is a vegetarian
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Induction
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involves drawing uncertain inferences, based on probability rather than certainty
the conclusions reached are probable, reasonable, plausible, believable
Inductive reasoning
arranges an argument that leads from particulars/specifics to universals or generalizations; uses specific cases to draw a conclusion
arguments developed inductively can never be said to be true/false, right/wrong; instead, they can be considered strong/weak based on flawed logic or anomalies
induction involves collecting evidence and then drawing an inference based on that evidence in order to reach a conclusion
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found in the courtroom, the boardroom, the classroom, and throughout the media
a lot, but not all everyday arguments are based on induction
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