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Li_Karen_Block 2_MM8 (Sexual Reproduction (Direct Contact (Meiosis +…

- - - - Eukaryotic gametes
      - Meiosis II
        
        Telophase II - nuclear envelope forms, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes
        
        Anaphase II - centromeres separate and the sister chromatids & polarize
        
        Metaphase II - chromosomes become arranged on the metaphase plate & attached to spindle fibers
        
        Prophase II - nuclear envelope breaks down and the spindle fibers forms
      - Meiosis I
        
        Metaphase I - pairs of chromosomes (bivalent) arrange at metaphase plate & attach to meiotic spindle
        
        Anaphase I - pairs of chromosomes split & polarize
        
        Prophase I - crossing over & recombination of genetic material between non sister chromatids
        
        Telophase I - nuclear envelope forms
      - Cytokinesis
      - Interphase - chromosomes duplicate
    - - Prokaryotes
      - Donor cell gives F factor gene/bacterial chromosome to recipient cell via conjugation pilus
  - - - Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
      - Genetic material is transferred through viruses through insertion
      - Lytic cycle - destroys the infected cell and its membrane
      - Lysogenic cycle - does not break down host's membrane straight away
  - - - Prokaryotes
      - Mixing of DNA between two sources, causes the sources to change
    - - Eukaryotes
      - Introduces nucleic acids to eukaryotes
- - - - Prokaryotes, Fungi
      - Daughter cell is a bud of parent cell -> unequal sizes for daughter cells
  - - - Prokaryotes, Mitochondria, & Chloroplasts
      - Parent cell is pinched into two daughter cells
    - - Cytokinesis
        
        Animal : Pinches membrane, divides cell into 2
        
        Plant : Vesicles form cell wall, divides cell into 2
      - Interphase
        
        Rest (G0) - @ mature state & doesn't need to divide
        
        Synthesis (S) - duplicate DNA
        
        Gap 1 (G1) - makes mRNA & proteins
        
        Gap 2 (G2) - prep for mitosis, grows in size & make proteins
        
        G1 Checkpoint (b/w G1 & S; contains p53) - checks cell size, nutrients, growth factors, & DNA damage/mutation
        
        G2 Checkpoint (b/w G2 & Mitosis; contains p53 & MPF) - checks completion of DNA replication, DNA damage/mutation, & cell size
      - Mitosis
        
        Metaphase - chromosome lined up on metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, nuclear envelope gone
        
        Anaphase - Chromosomes separate to 2 chromatids each & polarize
        
        Prophase - DNA condenses to chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers start to form, centrioles polarize
        
        Telophase - nucleus starts to form, cell starts to pinch, spindle fibers gone, chromosomes uncondense
        
        Eukaryotes
        
        M-spindle Checkpoint (b/w metaphase & anaphase; contains APC) - checks chromosome attachment to spindle fibers
      - Checkpoint Regulators
        
        Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) - includes the CdK and cyclins that allows cell to perform mitosis
        
        p53 - stops cell from progressing if damaged DNA/mutation is found
        
        Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) - regulate chromatid separation, actives separase
      - Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) always prevalent in cycle