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Organic chemistry the basics (Alkanes (Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons,…
Organic chemistry the basics
The different types of carbon skeletons
Aromatic: Compounds that contain a benzene ring
Aliphatic: The compounds contain carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings.
Alicyclic: The compounds are a type of Aliphatic compound that has a non-aromatic ring
Isomers and their arrangement
Chain isomers: The carbon skeleton can be arranged in different ways eg. as a straight chain or branched. They have similar chemical properties but different physical properties because of the shape of the molecule
Positional isomers: The skeleton and the functional group could be the same only with the functional group attached to a different carbon atom. These also have similar chemical properties but different physical properties
Functional group isomers: The same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups. They have very different chemical and physical properties
Alkanes
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
Each carbon has 4 single bonds that are bonded to hydrogen atoms
Alkanes are tetrahedral around each carbon atom each bond angle is 109.5 degrees
The boiling depends on the shape and size of the alkane
Complete combustion of an alkane leads to the production of carbon dioxide and water.
Incomplete combustion of an alkane leads to the production of Carbon monoxide which is poisonous
if inhaled the carbon monoxide produced from incomplete combustion will bind the Fe 2+ in the haem group. The strength of this bond is too great for oxygen to overcome so the carrying capacity of the blood decreases which could lead to muscle wastage and later death.
Bond fission
Homolytic fission:
Where each of the bonded atoms take
1
electron out of the bond each and leads to the formation of 2 radicals as neither atoms have a paired electron in their outer shell
Hetrolytic fission:
Where 1 atom takes
both
the electrons from a bond leading to the formation of 2
ions
as 1 took both electrons forming a negative ion and the other lost the electrons forming a positive ion
Types of reaction
Addition reaction
In an addition reaction 2
reactants join together
to form 1 product molecule
An example of this would be an alkene being turned into an alkane by adding
H2 and a Ni catalyst
Substitution reaction
In a substitution reaction an atom or group of atoms is substituted by a different atom or group of atoms