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Occupational Theorists (Herbert & Straight 1989 (In the workplace,…
Occupational Theorists
Herbert & Straight 1989
In the workplace, compliments flow downwards from high-status to low-status workers
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They propose that "deflecting" or rejecting compliments negates the implication that the addressee is superior to the speaker in anyway
Tracy & Eisenberg
Criticism
When role-playing delivering criticism to a coworker about errors in a business letter, men showed more concern for the feelings of the person they were criticising when in the subordinate role, while women showed more concern when in the superior role
Edelsky
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- In structured segments of the meeting, men took more and longer turns
- In free-for-all segments, men and women talked equally
Paul Grice
Paul Grice Cooperative Principle (1975)
When we communicate we subconsciously assume the other person will be conversationally cooperative.
These 4 maxims are:
Maxim of quantity
Maxim of quality
Maxim of relation
Maxim of manner
Maxim of quality: we try to be truthful and give information which isn’t false or not supported by evidence
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Maxim of quantity: we try to be as informative as we can, giving no more than the sufficient information needed
Maxim of manner: we try to be as clear and as brief as we possibly can, avoiding obscurity and ambiguity
Paul Grice Cooperative Principle (1975)
Breaking the maxims:
We can violate them - break them covertly so others don’t know (breaking maxim of quality = lying, breaking maxim of quantity = not telling the whole truth)
We can flout them - break them flagrantly so others know (speaker intends for implacature (extra meaning) to be inferred e.g saying you’re happy in an unhappy manner). Ergo ‘sentence meaning’ and ‘utterer’s meaning’
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Koester: PHATIC TALK ALMUT KOESTER (2004) Suggests phatic talk is an important part of getting jobs done, allowing employees to support each other in their tasks. Workers need to build interpersonal relationships and not just discuss work-related procedures. Being sociable is an important part of effective working ( contrary to many employers' views). Solidarity is an important factor in workplace communication.
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Hornyak (1994)
Topic maintenance
The shift from work talk to personal talk is always initiated by the highest ranking person in the room.
Superiors tend to initiate and delimit the small talk, as well as defining what subject matters are acceptable subjects for conversation.
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Eakins and Eakins (1976)
University meetings
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In seven University Faculty meetings, the men spoke for longer than the women, despite them occupying the same level of position.
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Janet Holmes (2009)
Language in the workplace:
Leadership - current theories of leadership
Importance of assertiveness, authority and relational skills
“Assertiveness and authority” are associated with masculine styles of management
“Well-honed relational skills” associated with more feminine interactional management styles
Negotiation - female managers more likely to negotiate consensus than males. Males ‘plow through the agenda” whereas women try to ‘consider’ all viewpoints
Drew and Heritage (1993)
Inferential framework
STUDY OF WORKPLACE TALK
Identified differences between everyday conversation and workplace talk. Workplace talk is more likely to contain:
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Howard Giles
Accommodation theory
Convergence
This is where speakers will try to make their language resemble, and be more in line with, that of their audience to improve communication
An example is when a manager will talk in a similar way to their employees in hopes of motivating them by being friendly with them.
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