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Bonding (INTERMOLECULAR: Between whole molecules (Dispersion Forces (van…
Bonding
INTERMOLECULAR:
Between whole
molecules
Dipole - Dipole
: between polar molecules only
Hydrogen Bonding:
Only happens between VERY Polar Molecules (with hydrogen and a big electronegative bully)
H-F
H-N
H-O
Polar molecule attraction to polar molecule
Molecule - Ion:
between a molecule and an ion
Ion: a charged particle
Ex. NaCl dissolved in water
Dispersion Forces (van der Waals)
Weak, but most common
Larger atoms have stronger forces (more protons and electrons interacting)
The stronger the intermolecular force, the higher the boiling point
The stronger the intermolecular force, the higher the melting point
very weak intermolecular forces may lead to sublimation (solid --> gas without a liquid form)
Like dissolves like
Nonpolar dissolves nonpolar
Polar will dissolve polar and ionic
INTRAMOLECULAR:
Between individual
atoms
Covalent
Properties
does not conduct electricity
Think about chocolate
low melting point
usually doesn't dissolve in water (it's nonpolar)
nonpolar covalent
Usually difference in EN is less than 0.4
Polar Covalent
Usually difference in EN is between 0.4 (inclusive) and 1.7
Ionic
difference in Electronegativity is greater than 1.7 (or 2.0 in some cases)
Properties
Conducts electricity only in the liquid or aqueous phase
(It has a metal, so it can conduct electricity. But it also has a nonmetal, so that keeps it from conducting electricity in the solid phase)
think of table salt: NaCl
Usually looks like a crystal under standard conditions
A bond (relationship) between a metal and a nonmetal: Usually labeled as a difference in electronegativity that is greater than 1.7.
Metallic
between two or more metal atoms
Properties
conducts electricity and heat
malleable
has luster (shiny)
Sea of mobile electrons, all electrons are shared between all nuclei
low electronegativities, gets bullied easily
