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Disorders of perception (Sensory deceptions (Hallucinations: perceptions…
Disorders of perception
Sensory distortions: changes in perception that are result of a change in intensity and quality of stimulus or spatial form of perception
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Disorders of memory
The amnesias
Psychogenic amnesias
Dissociative or hysterical amnesia is the sudden amnesia that occurs during periods of extreme trauma and can last for hours or even day. The amnesia will be for personal identity such as name, address and history as well as for personal events, while at the same time the ability to perform complex behaviours is maintained. Dissociation may be associated with a fugue or wandering state in which the subject travels to another town or country and is often found wandering and lost
The more limited amnesia for specific traumatic events is known as katathymic amnesia or motivated forgetting, though the terms are often used interchangeably with dissociative amnesia. Katathymic amnesia is the inability to recall specific painful memories, and is believed to occur due to the defence mechanism of repression
Organic amnesias
Acute brain disease: disorders of perception and attention--> failure to encode material in long-term memory
In acute head injury there is an amnesia, known as retrograde amnesia, that embraces the events just before the injury. This period is usually no longer than a few minutes but occasionally may be longer, especially in subacute conditions.
Anterograde amnesia is amnesia for events occurring after the injury. These occur most commonly following accidents and are indicative of failure to encode events into long-term memory.
Blackouts are circumscribed periods of anterograde amnesia experienced particularly by those who are alcohol dependent during and following bouts of drinking. They indicate reversible brain damage and vary in length but can span many hours. They also occur in acute confusional states (delirium) due to infections or epilepsy.
Subacute coarse brain disease: characterised by the inability to learn new information (anterograde amnesia), and the inability to recall previously learned material (retrograde amnesia). However, memories from the remote past remain intact, as does recall of over learned material from the past and immediate recall.
Korsakoff’s syndrome is the amnestic syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency,
cerebrovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, head injury
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Other amnesias
Amnesias in anxiety and depressive disorders are generally caused by impaired concentration and resolve once the underlying disorder is treated.
More severe forms of amnesia in depressive disorders resemble dementia and are known as depressive pseudodementia
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Disorders of emotion
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A feeling can be defined as a positive or negative reaction to some experience or event and is the subjective experience of emotion. By contrast emotion is a stirred-up state caused by physiological changes occurring as a response to some event and which tends to maintain or abolish the causative event
Mood is a pervasive and sustained emotion that colours the person’s perception of the world. Descriptions of mood should include intensity, duration and fluctuations as well as adjectival descriptions of the type
Affect, meaning short-lived emotion, is defined as the patient’s present emotional responsiveness