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COGNITIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY (The multi-store model of memory (Sensory…
COGNITIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOLOGY
The multi-store model of memory
Sensory memory
Automatic response
First storage system
Separate sensory stores for different sensory outputs
Echoic, iconic, haptic, gustatory, olfactory
Paid attention to - passes to short-term memory
Trace decay
Large capacity
Different decay rates
Research
Crowder (1993) - Different durations
Sperling (1960) - the capacity of SM is quite large
Short term memory
Temporarily stores information received from SM
Active
Currently being thought about
Encoding
Limited capacity
5-9 items
Can be increased by chunking
30 seconds
Research
Jacobs (1887) - Limited capacity of STM
Marsh et al. (1997) - If participants don't have t recall information then the duration of STM is only 2-4 seconds
Long term memory
Lengthy periods (over 30 seconds)
Processing
Different types
Episodic LTM
First suggested by Endel Tulving (1972)
Autobiographical record of personal experiences
Influenced by emotions
Affected by the degree of processing
Prefrontal cortex
Semantic LTM
Contains all knowledge an individual has learned
Affected by the degree of processing
Episodic LTM underpins semantic LTM
Either the hippocampus and related areas or several brain areas are used
Procedural LTM
Learned tasks
Difficult to explain in words
Occur early in life
Motor skills like walking, dressing and so on
Language - grammar and syntax
Procedural and semantic memories work together
Does not require conscious thought
Neocortex brain areas - primary motor cortex, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex
Over time they may change or merge
Multiple brain regions
Potentially unlimited capacity
Longer duration if well coded
Research
Frost (1972) - both visual and semantic coding
Bahrick et al (1975) - memory for faces is long-lasting
The working memory model
Baddeley and Hitch (1974) - questioned the existence of a single STM store, they saw STM as an active store, holding several pieces of information while they were being worked on
The central executive
Processes information
Directs information to the model's slave systems
Limited in capacity, can only effectively cope with onse strand of information
Attains a balance between tasks
Phonological loop
Deals with auditory information
Limited capacity
Primary acoustic store (PAS)
Inner-ear
Stores words that have recently been heard
Articulatory process (AP)
Inner-voice
Sub-vocal repetition
Visuospatial sketchpad
Inner eye
Non-phonological information
Helps individuals navigate around and interact with their physical environment
Logie (1995) - suggests sub-dividing the store into a visual cache and an inner scribe
The episodic buffer
Third slave system
The model needed a general store to operate properly
Limited capacity