Semester 1 Biology Content

Enzymes

Protein Synthesis

Macromolecules

Proteins: monomers are polypeptides

Mendelian Genetics

Chromosomes

Darwin Theories

Non Mendelian Genetics

lipid: monomers are glycerol and fatty acids

DNA: monomers are nucleotides

Carbohydrates: monosaccharides

make up a person's genes

Which ever protein is selected is based on the DNA sequence

DNA is found in the nucleus

the process of making proteins

DNA goes through Protein Synthesis and codes for the proteins

The DNA goes through enzymes

Rrna; "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid"

Trna; "Transfer ribonucleic acid"

Mrna; "Messenger ribonucleic acid"

This enzyme happens at the ribosome

Incomplete Dominance

Sex linked traits

Multiple Alleles

Co-Dominance

Punnett Squares

DNA has four bases that make up the sequence

Adenine (A)

Cytosine (C)

Thymine (T)

Guanine (G)

These two bases pair together in DNA

Thymine does NOT show up in rna and is replaced with Uracil (U)

These sequences are sometimes messed up by mutations. (3 types)

Insertion: Where one base of DNA is put into the DNA sequence

Deletion: Where one base of DNA is deleted from the sequence

Substitution: Where one base of DNA is substituted for another

does not change much of the DNA it just has the possibility of changing one protein pair

Can create a big change in the DNA sequence and bumps everything after the mutation over one to the right

Can create a big change in the DNA sequence and bumps everything after the mutation one to the left

when the two traits combine into one

when both traits show up and are both seen

a trait that is linked based on your sex chromosomes

A trait controlled by more than two alleles :

Example: Blood is controlled by the alleles IA, IB and i

Example: Red green color blindness, hemophilia

Example: a white and a red flower combine to make a pink flower

Example: a white and a red flower make a pattern of both colors (including patterns like spots, stripes, etc.)

When dealing with X-linked recessive disorders, males are far more likely to inherit these disorders since they only have one X chromosome

Dihybrid Cross: cross involving more than one trait

Monohybrid Cross: cross between organisms that are identical except for one trait

Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism

Homozygous Dominant

Homozygous Recessive

Heterozygous

Phenotype: the way an organism looks

a trait with both dominant alleles (ex. AA)

a trait with both recessive alleles (ex. aa)

a trait with one dominant and one recessive allele (ex. Aa)

Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes; 23 pairs

chromosomes are pieces of DNA coiled very tightly together

each chromosome has a (sister) chromatid which is the other half of the chromosome