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Semester 1 Biology Content (Macromolecules (DNA: monomers are nucleotides,…
Semester 1 Biology Content
Enzymes
Protein Synthesis
the process of making proteins
DNA goes through Protein Synthesis and codes for the proteins
The DNA goes through enzymes
Rrna; "Ribosomal ribonucleic acid"
Trna; "Transfer ribonucleic acid"
This enzyme happens at the ribosome
Mrna; "Messenger ribonucleic acid"
Macromolecules
Proteins: monomers are polypeptides
Which ever protein is selected is based on the DNA sequence
lipid: monomers are glycerol and fatty acids
DNA: monomers are nucleotides
make up a person's genes
DNA is found in the nucleus
DNA has four bases that make up the sequence
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Thymine does NOT show up in rna and is replaced with Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)
These two bases pair together in DNA
These two bases pair together in DNA
These sequences are sometimes messed up by mutations. (3 types)
Insertion: Where one base of DNA is put into the DNA sequence
Can create a big change in the DNA sequence and bumps everything after the mutation over one to the right
Deletion: Where one base of DNA is deleted from the sequence
Can create a big change in the DNA sequence and bumps everything after the mutation one to the left
Substitution: Where one base of DNA is substituted for another
does not change much of the DNA it just has the possibility of changing one protein pair
Carbohydrates: monosaccharides
Mendelian Genetics
Punnett Squares
Dihybrid Cross: cross involving more than one trait
Monohybrid Cross: cross between organisms that are identical except for one trait
Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism
Homozygous Dominant
a trait with both dominant alleles (ex. AA)
Homozygous Recessive
a trait with both recessive alleles (ex. aa)
Heterozygous
a trait with one dominant and one recessive allele (ex. Aa)
Phenotype: the way an organism looks
Chromosomes
Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes; 23 pairs
chromosomes are pieces of DNA coiled very tightly together
each chromosome has a (sister) chromatid which is the other half of the chromosome
Darwin Theories
Non Mendelian Genetics
Incomplete Dominance
when the two traits combine into one
Example: a white and a red flower combine to make a pink flower
Sex linked traits
a trait that is linked based on your sex chromosomes
Example: Red green color blindness, hemophilia
When dealing with X-linked recessive disorders, males are far more likely to inherit these disorders since they only have one X chromosome
Multiple Alleles
A trait controlled by more than two alleles :
Example: Blood is controlled by the alleles IA, IB and i
Co-Dominance
when both traits show up and are both seen
Example: a white and a red flower make a pattern of both colors (including patterns like spots, stripes, etc.)