Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Hazards Case Studies (Volcanoes (Eyjafjallajökull, April 2010
Lies on…
Hazards Case Studies
Volcanoes
Eyjafjallajökull, April 2010
- Lies on mid-Atlantic ridge (constructive margin)
- Heavy ash fallout close to the volcano
- Flooding as the eruption melted glacier ice; the government deliberately breached the main highway to all floodwaters to pass to the sea
- 800 people evacuated
- Local water supplies were contaminated
- Drop in tourist numbers
- Reconstruction was expensive
- 100,000 flights cancelled (10 million passengers)
- £80mn in losses
- Fresh food could not be imported
- Sporting events such as Boston Marathon were impacted
- Improved ash forecasting and renewed evacuation plans
Montserrat 1995-2000
- Destructive 3 plate boundary (S American, N American, Caribbean)
- Part of an island arc
1995
- Southern half forced evacuation due to ash and lava
- 2/3 population left to go to another island
- Main city Plymouth was destroyed, including airport
- Plymouth covered in 40 feet of mud
1997
- 19 deaths
- Pyroclastic flow moved at 120 km/h
- Debris was showered into a safe marked zone
- Ash cloud 70,000 feet
- Dome inside the volcano growing and therefore will collapse.
2000
- Large eruptions of gas clouds in the air
- Forming polluted areas
Siesmic
Tohoku Japan 2011
- 11th March 2011
- Destructive boundary (Pacific subducted by the North American)
- 9.0 on the Richter scale
- 100km east of Sendai
- 30 minutes later a 40m tsunami hit
Effects
- 20,000 killed
- 500km² coastal plains hit
- Fukushima powerplant almost went into meltdown as cooling system failed when flooded
- Electricity lost in 6mn homes
- 1mn had no running water
- Sendai airport flooded and closed
Responses
- 50,000 soldiers sent out for search and rescue
- Exclusion zone set up around Fukushima
- Rebuild, reconstruct, port facilities built, tsunamu defence system extended
Haiti 2010
- 12th January 2010
- Conservative boundary (North American and Caribbean)
- 7.0 on the Richter Scale
- 25km west of Port-au-Prince
- Localised tsunami due to underwater slide
Effects
- Devastated large parts of the capital Port-au-Prince
- 200,000 killed
- 180,000 homes destroyed
- 2mn people affected and 1.5mn homeless
- Over 1100 camps were made with limtied services
- 5000 schools destroyed
- Total bill was $11.5 bn
Responses
- Limited search and rescue
- HICs sent in heat sensitive equipment
- Foreign aid arrived as food, water, medical supplies and temporary shelters
- UK's Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) raised over £100mn
- Temporary shelters became home for more than a year (some still in it)
- 3/4 of damaged buildings repaired
- 200,000 people have received food or cash for public work
- 1000s people have moved away from Port-au-Prince
- World Bank pledged $100mn to for reconstruction and recovery programmes
Tropical Storms
Hurricane Matthew 2016
- 195km/h winds
- September → October 2016
- 603 total deaths
- $15.09bn in damage
USA
- US digital tracking system
- Evacuated florida
- Panic buying (food, water, survival kit supplies)
- Disney World and Orlando airport closed
- State of emergency in 4 states
- 33 deaths
- Internet down
Haiti + Cuba
- 1000 deaths
- 50,000 in need of medical care
- Power cuts
- Slow rebuilding
- CARE charity provided food
- WHO predicted cholera outbreak
Cyclone Nargis 2008
- 165 km/h winds
- April → May 2008 (Landfall 2nd May)
- 140,000 total deaths
- $12.9bn in damage
- Myanmar (Under military dictatorship)
Effects
- Majority of the population worked on the flooded rice fields
- 75% of buildings collapsed (over 1000 temples were destroyed)
- Storm surge of 7.6m
- Flood water penetrated 40-50km inland
- 50,000 people missing
- 2.4mn severely affected
Responses
- The Military government refused foreign aid for a full 6 days after the storm made landfall
- When the aid was accepted it was limited to food, medicine and basic supplies and aid workers were banned
- After 3 weeks, the government granted admittance to all international aid workers
Wildfires
California November 2018
- Camp fire, Woolsey fire, Hill fire
- about 250,000 acres burnt
- 86 deaths
- 40 → 50 mph gusts pre drying the vegetation
- Chaparral, high in oils and also very dry
- Warm dry climate
- Rainfall = 125mm down on 30 year average (ED4 drought category)
- Record high temperature of 47C
- 52,000 people evacuated