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The Restoration of Papal Authority 1553-1558 (Mary's accession, aims…
The Restoration of Papal Authority 1553-1558
Mary's accession, aims and opposition
obstacles to the restoration of the catholic church
People were now used to The way things were in the Church
Protestantism encouraged discussion but catholicism encouraged obedience
Ceremonious look of churches destroyed under Edward's reign
The royal supremacy and problems with her first parliament
Henry hadn't wanted her succession
First female monarch since 12th century (one before had gone badly + Henry scared about this
Had reformed the church to avoid her succession
she wanted reverse changes + return to Rome but wouldn't do this without parliamentary support
Privy Council
Had overcome northumberland in only successful rebellion in Tudor era
Had quite broad and inclusive privy council
had those who supported her: Stephen Gardiner = Lord Chancellor
also had Edward's previous advisers e.g. William Paget
reformers such as JOhn latimer, Hooper, Cranmer were arested b/c had been implicated in plot to make Mary Queen
Norfolk released from prison where he had been for 6 years
Privy Chamber consisted of women = affecting what advice she got
called five parliaments during her reign
very ambitious legislative programme
There was a lot of disagreement over religious reform = conflict in house of lords b/c gardiner and William Paget were in House of lords (both had different opinions)
there was resistance to religious policy in House of Commons when she tried to reinstate bishopric of Durham which had been surpressed by Edward
First parliament
restored service in use at Henry's death
repealed religious legislation of Edward's reign w/ exception of Chantries act
didn't reinstate old heresy laws b/c riots following Somerset's repeal of Act of 6 articles
property was a big issue
beneficiaries of property seized in Henry's reign was nobles sitting in House of Lords + gentry sitting in COmmons
They didn't want it returned to rome which might have been requirement of Pope
the issue of the Spanish marriage
Why she wanted marriage
knew that she would need heir to protect england going back to Protestantism under Elizabeth
Was 37 so time running out
Third Act of succession in 1543 required any marriage of Mary to ahve agreement of Privy Council
Possible suitors
Edward Courtenay
Gardiner wanted to oppose Mary's plans to marry Philip of SPain so promoted Courtenay
Personally unsuitable b/c had spent life in prison since 12 so had no social graces
marriage to noble could be divisive
Philip of Spain
when mary died England could just become province of larger empire
Philip was catholic + spanish (mary was 1/2 spanish)
Antwerp (major trading partner) was part of Habsburg's territories
Privy council didn't want England to be involved in Hapsburg-Valois hositlities
had been recently widowed + already had heir = more attractive to Mary
didn't find possible marraige as attractive as mary tho
Proposal was made 10 October 1553 and Mary accepted by end of the month
little formal discussion about it in Privy council
Privy council
officially informed of marriage at start of November (after Mary had already accepted)
some, like Paget supported but Gardiner still tried to push for Courtenay
Deputation of privy council tried to urge her to rethink but she dismissed them
Terms of the Marriage
worked on by Mary, Paget, Gardiner and Renard
Philip to be joint sovereign but no foreigner's to hold office
If no heir, crown would go to Elizabeth
England wouldn't be involved in Philip's wars against its will
Needed to gain popular support b/c lots of xenophobia in commons
concern that authority of ENgland would go to Spanish King
Terms announcedin Jan 1554: Wyatt's rebellion
The restoration of papal authority
the limits of the restoration
obstacles
ppl still wanted to be Protestant = fled the country
restoration of heresy laws prevented this
bishops deprived + replaced w/ catholci ones
wouldn't tolerate married clergy
800 parish clergy deprived of living
1557 Arhcdeacon Nicholas Harpsfield surveyed Kent
supporter of Wyatt rebellion
Area where Edward's regime had had greatest impact
lots of burnings took place in Kent
almost all parishes in Kent had minimum equipment including stone High altar, Rood screen w/ carved figures + 2 sets of vestments
shows that there was overwhelming consent to Marian reforms in Kent
Heresy
although many did recant and return to catholicism
Mary's early death = religious foundations weren't built on
didn't have enough time to reverse fully destruction of Catholic church
The second parliament and the Restoration of Papal authority and Catholic doctrine
The second parliament
Called in April 1554
Used by Gardiner
wanted to have religious policy that would bring England back to rome
Passed number of bills
9 April: bill to revives statutes against lollards + heretics
Revive act of 6 articles
restricting eating of meat on holy days
prevented pope from reclaiming abbey lands
all passed by may 1 in commons
only restoration of Bishopric of Durham passed in House of Lords
Parliament was stopped + Paget fell (opposed Gardiner)
Members of house of lords benefited from acquisition of porperty + returning of land claimed by papacy as first stage of return to rome
Restoration of papal authority and Catholic doctrine
Philip pressured for quick return to rome b/c didn't want to be king of schismatic country
Pope Julius wanted Reginald Pole to b papal legate + he arrived in England November 1554 and called 3rd parliament
Third parliament 1554-5
Statute of Repeal
restored religious legislation to that of 1529
didn't restore monastic land (this didn't pass through parliament)
ended Royal Supremacy + england returned to Papal Authority
Mary still recognised authority of Parliament over matters of religion which had been established by reformation parliament
Pope no longer had sole authority
The Restoration of Catholic Doctrine
Laity didn't oppose changes
Mary as a reformer
realised she needed to work w/ smaller group of advisors after dispute surrounding her marriage = Paget Petre and Paulet were key councillors
Financial reform
Edward's policy had caused problems
Selling of Crown lands = less income to Crown
Debasing of coinage = inflation
still debased coins in circulation despite Northumberland's efforst
Plans for recoinage but not done b/c of harvest failure in 1556-7
only put in place in 1160 (during Elizabethan reign)
Mary's actions
surveyed crown lands
revaluated + brought up rent = higher income
Increased custom rates for first time since 1507
brought in extra £29,000 in 1558
Elizabeth benefitted more from this than Mary
Changed bolt-on offices
e.g court of augmentations
streamlined finaincal administrations
meant less departments received money
treasure given responsibility for 75% rather than 30% of crown's income
Reform of armed forces
problems
wars w/ France and Scotland had cost a lot and not produced benefits
Army still relied on Nobility
elsewhere in Europe, Spain + France, had more professional armies w/ better supplies
Act for the Taking of Musters in 1558
transferred responsibility for raising, training + equipping armies to shires
meant each group in each county had to supply men, horses + weapons
Weapons act specified what weapons were allowed for each rank in society
Modernisation of Weapons + stricter controls on absence + desertion transformed army
Navy
established by Henry VII and developed by Henry VIII
suffered erosion of strength after war against France
sinking of flagship Mary Rose in Portsmouth harbour
Mary paid for construction of 6 ships + repair of many more
contributed to win against spanish armada
Persecution and reform
reasons for, extent of and repercussions of the persecution of Protestants
Reasons
Act of 6 Articles in 1539 had made denying transubstantiation punishiable by death by burning
enhanced consequences for individual of denying teachings of Catholic faith = fires they would experience would be nothing compared to those in eternal hell
Trying to save their souls?
propaganda of getting former bishops to re-cant
Forcing hand of bishops = saving their souls and those who follow them
Could be propaganda to show that bishops were insincere and self seeking
people denounced others who had destroyed church images in Edward's reign b/c had vendetta against them
Extent
285 died between 1555 and 1558
further 30 died in prison
burnt Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley
Cranmer
Mary saw propaganda potential in burning Cranmer
helped protestant cause b/c he denied Catholicism and put the hand that had signed the recantation into the fire first
Cranmer burned for heresy (even though reason why he was arreseted was for support of Lady Jane Grey) + Mary held him responsible for break w/ rome
Latimer and Ridley in October 1555
Latimer argued that docrines of presence of Christ in transubstantiation were unbiblical
Lots chose exile over being burnt
A lot of people were freed + given opportunity to reform their faith only to be arrested again and executed
Sometimes those executed sent around the country so they could be an example to others (many lost on the way)
It was an event = lots attended
Priest converted heretics to Catholicism before burnings
Impact
400 key protestants sought exile, mainly in Geneva (ppl who had connections and could afford to do so)
some say communities didn't want to hand ppl over = not much impact
Others say that the burnings happened as a result of ppl snitching b/c they were alarmed at extent of protestant reform during Edward's reign
Peaked in 1557 and then decreased
successful
protestant church had been deprived of leading churchmen
laity wouldn't risk resitance w/o leadership
Mary, Pole and the attempt to reform Catholicism
use of printing press
"A profitable and necessary doctrine" by Bonner
reworked King's Book (Henry VIII)
Included 14 homilies teaching basic catholic doctrine e.g. justification, transubstantiation
Pole was against indiscriminate reading of Bible by the Clergy
believed that it lead to religious argument that was damaging to faith
Primers
books which explained basic catholic blief in response for demand from laity for instruction in Catholic belief
35 editions of Sarum Primer + 4 editions of York primer VS 17 between 1547 and 1543
Some argued it failed
pole underestimated extent to which laity needed to be re-energised about Catholicism
didn't use printing press like Protestants
Did not try to go back to Catholicism of the past
established distinctive identity through using academics to create catholic tradition
a lot based on humanistic tradition e.g. insitstence on scripture, the need for educated clergy + development of inner piety
didn't talk about pilgrimages, saints
influence of Catherine Parr and educational experience formed this view
Pope Julius died in 1555 and replaced by Pope Paul IV
new pope hated Pole + Hapsburgs
this made relations between crown and Role impossible
stripped pole of his title of Papal legate
called him to rome but Pole refused to go + stayed in Englad
w/o support of Rome, couldn't install bishops = when Mary died, there were 7 dioceses vacant
Opposition and conformity
the war with France and the loss of Calais
main issue w/ marriage is that ppl didn't want England to be involved in another war
key part of marriage agreement was that Phillip couldn't force England into war
1557: refused b/c of bad harvests and needed grain from France
April 1557: French naval attack on Scarborough castle --> protestant Thomas Stafford seized it and was supplied by French
easily quashed but enough motive for war
The war
some success
Channel cleared of French fleet
St Quentin was captured
Scottish border defended to prevent scotts attacking England
Failure at Calais
1600 English against 27,000 French
some blamed Phillip for his failure to send reinforcements at request
really b/c of fluke as French were running out of supplies + made last ditch attempt
Major blow to Mary's prestige
loss of Calais could have been beneficial b/c now didn't have to pay to garrison it (especially bad in times of low revenue and high inflation)
Wyatt and other opposition to changes
Wyatt's rebellion: 1554
Reason
reacted to Mary's engagement to Philip of Spain
Wasn't focused on religion
needed to gain support from both religiouns e.g. Gardiner
challenging monarchy = treason so couldn't focus on religion
Plan
To take place on Palm Sunday
4 uprisings in different parts of the country
Also have French fleet on south coast to stop Philip landing and marrying mary
would convene in London and replace Mary w/ Elizabeth
Elizabeth would marry Edward de Courtenay
By January Spanish ambassador, Simon Renard had heard of the plans
who was involved
Thomas Croft, was Lord Deputy in IReland
William Thomas, Clerk to council of Edward VI
Peter Carew (failed to stop western rebellion)
Sir Thomas Wyatt (had been soldier in Henry VIII's army during French Campaign)
Duke of Suffolk, Lady Jane Grey's dad
Elizabeth and Jane weren't involved but presented alternatives of Queen
Government response
Found out about plan in January and had Peter Carew appear before Council
mary made speech to Londoner's demonstrating her love to the ppl
gained enough support for her so that ppl didn't support rebels
punishments
Phillip demanded that Both Edward de Courtenay and Elizabeth were removed
Edward exiled but no evidence against Elizabeth
480 charged w/ conspiracy but only 100 executed
Wyatt and Suffolk executed for their involvement
LJG and Guilford Dudley (her husband) also executed b/c they were too much of a threat
What actually happened
Tried in January b/c gov. found out
not a good time b/c muddy roads
Little support raised
Croft didn't try in Hertfordshire
ppl in Leicester raised arms against Duke instead of helping him
Carew couldn't get support b/c of his actions in 1549
Suffolk + 140 supporters were taken to the Tower (him and Jane were executed
Thomas Wyatt's troops
as Sherrif had trained military
by 27 Jan had raised 2000 troops
Kent was closer to the action so more affected
more support b/c were involved in cloth production which was still depressed + protestants
Government tried to stop
300 troops raised by Lord Cobham deserted him and joined the rebels
At Gravesend, Wyatt had 3000
looked like he was going to March to London
attacked Cobham at cooling Castle first
then stopped at Blackheath to consider Queen's offer
arrived to see that London Bridge held against rebels
by wasting time by the time they got to Charing Cross they were a dwindling force
support for the changes and the extent of conformity
failure to produce heir was major threat
after false pregnancy in 1555 Philip left
not much chance of making baby
1558 Mary fell ill and left England to her sister