First female monarch since 12th century (one before had gone badly + Henry scared about this

she wanted reverse changes + return to Rome but wouldn't do this without parliamentary support

Had overcome northumberland in only successful rebellion in Tudor era

had those who supported her: Stephen Gardiner = Lord Chancellor

reformers such as JOhn latimer, Hooper, Cranmer were arested b/c had been implicated in plot to make Mary Queen

Privy Chamber consisted of women = affecting what advice she got

There was a lot of disagreement over religious reform = conflict in house of lords b/c gardiner and William Paget were in House of lords (both had different opinions)

there was resistance to religious policy in House of Commons when she tried to reinstate bishopric of Durham which had been surpressed by Edward

repealed religious legislation of Edward's reign w/ exception of Chantries act

didn't reinstate old heresy laws b/c riots following Somerset's repeal of Act of 6 articles

beneficiaries of property seized in Henry's reign was nobles sitting in House of Lords + gentry sitting in COmmons

They didn't want it returned to rome which might have been requirement of Pope

knew that she would need heir to protect england going back to Protestantism under Elizabeth

Third Act of succession in 1543 required any marriage of Mary to ahve agreement of Privy Council

Gardiner wanted to oppose Mary's plans to marry Philip of SPain so promoted Courtenay

Personally unsuitable b/c had spent life in prison since 12 so had no social graces

when mary died England could just become province of larger empire

Privy council didn't want England to be involved in Hapsburg-Valois hositlities

officially informed of marriage at start of November (after Mary had already accepted)

some, like Paget supported but Gardiner still tried to push for Courtenay

Deputation of privy council tried to urge her to rethink but she dismissed them

Ceremonious look of churches destroyed under Edward's reign

Protestantism encouraged discussion but catholicism encouraged obedience

wanted to have religious policy that would bring England back to rome

Members of house of lords benefited from acquisition of porperty + returning of land claimed by papacy as first stage of return to rome

Philip pressured for quick return to rome b/c didn't want to be king of schismatic country

Pope Julius wanted Reginald Pole to b papal legate + he arrived in England November 1554 and called 3rd parliament

didn't restore monastic land (this didn't pass through parliament)

Mary still recognised authority of Parliament over matters of religion which had been established by reformation parliament

realised she needed to work w/ smaller group of advisors after dispute surrounding her marriage = Paget Petre and Paulet were key councillors

still debased coins in circulation despite Northumberland's efforst

treasure given responsibility for 75% rather than 30% of crown's income

wars w/ France and Scotland had cost a lot and not produced benefits

elsewhere in Europe, Spain + France, had more professional armies w/ better supplies

transferred responsibility for raising, training + equipping armies to shires

meant each group in each county had to supply men, horses + weapons

Weapons act specified what weapons were allowed for each rank in society

Modernisation of Weapons + stricter controls on absence + desertion transformed army

shows that there was overwhelming consent to Marian reforms in Kent

didn't have enough time to reverse fully destruction of Catholic church

Act of 6 Articles in 1539 had made denying transubstantiation punishiable by death by burning

Forcing hand of bishops = saving their souls and those who follow them

Could be propaganda to show that bishops were insincere and self seeking

people denounced others who had destroyed church images in Edward's reign b/c had vendetta against them

A lot of people were freed + given opportunity to reform their faith only to be arrested again and executed

Sometimes those executed sent around the country so they could be an example to others (many lost on the way)

helped protestant cause b/c he denied Catholicism and put the hand that had signed the recantation into the fire first

Cranmer burned for heresy (even though reason why he was arreseted was for support of Lady Jane Grey) + Mary held him responsible for break w/ rome

Latimer argued that docrines of presence of Christ in transubstantiation were unbiblical

400 key protestants sought exile, mainly in Geneva (ppl who had connections and could afford to do so)

Others say that the burnings happened as a result of ppl snitching b/c they were alarmed at extent of protestant reform during Edward's reign

pole underestimated extent to which laity needed to be re-energised about Catholicism

Included 14 homilies teaching basic catholic doctrine e.g. justification, transubstantiation

books which explained basic catholic blief in response for demand from laity for instruction in Catholic belief

35 editions of Sarum Primer + 4 editions of York primer VS 17 between 1547 and 1543

believed that it lead to religious argument that was damaging to faith

a lot based on humanistic tradition e.g. insitstence on scripture, the need for educated clergy + development of inner piety

influence of Catherine Parr and educational experience formed this view

w/o support of Rome, couldn't install bishops = when Mary died, there were 7 dioceses vacant