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A more Protestant Nation: (1547-1553) (Opposition and Conformity (The…
A more Protestant Nation: (1547-1553)
The Protestant party and the King
the aims, beliefs and role of Somerset and the overturning of Henry's will
Some regarded him as the "Good Duke"
wanted to establish Protestant commonwealth
Could also be viewed as unable to deal with problems inherited from Henry VIII
Problems he faced
Short term
had to maintain national pride through wars with Scotland and France
War with Scotlland
way of achieving marriage w/ Mary Queen of Scots to Edward
Would secure succession
1547 land and naval invasion launched at Battle of Pinkie
vicotry for England
limited success
only occupied border strongholds = rest of Scotland unoccupied
couldn't pay for much more wars b/c henry had funded them on loans
1 more item...
Response to financial crisis
increase taxation and debase coinage
Exacerbated propblem of population increase, inflation and poverty
wanted to gain support and impose his authority on problem of increasing crime
Vagracny and Public Order Act 1547
any able bodied person out of work for more than 3 days to be sold into slavery
very unpopular
Enclosure
saw this as main problem
issued proclamations against enclosure and increased taxes on wool
This exacerbated economic problems of country
Also lost support of landed elites
lead to social unrest + Somerset lost support in Privy council
by 1549 had lost support of Edward
Had held him at WIndsor Castle
Edward didn't like this and replaced him w/ Earl of Warwick
The Aims, beliefs and role of Northumberland as Protector
was able to mastermind Somerset's downfall
plotted with conservatives and Cranmer at the same time
Gained trust of King and expelled conservatives from the council and made himself President
Increased Privy council to 39
selected councillors he could rely on
March 28 1550: treaty of Boulogne
England wanted return of Boulogne to France in return for ransom paid and support for marriage between Edward and Mary
England to withdraw from Boulogne for 400,000 marks
had to withdraw garrisons from Scotland
Mary Queen of Scots betrothed to French Dauphin + Edward promised daughter of Henry II
Financial problem
orignally wanted to debase coinage further and borrow from foreign bankers
Treasury tackled problem through 7 strategies
Chantry land, church lands + ChurchPlate sold to pay off short-term loans
strict economies made in government spending
Henry's will and Edward's inheritance
Avoiding fate of Edward V
Was heir of Edward IV but had succeeded father as minor and been usurped by Richard III
3 key strategies
Edward would be crowned king shortly after his accession
Unlike Edward V, he eas king of independent sovereign state
Situation was more stable
government would be placed in the hands of a balanced Privy Council
Within week government in control of Edward Seymour
February 1547: made Lord Protectorate
not what Henry wanted
government was very similar for first two years apart from Somerset's leadership
reasons
His personality
support of William Paget
Need for military leadership w/ war on 2 fronts
16 members of Privy Council couldn't govern England successfully even if no tension between two factions
Edward had been educated by protestant tutors to ensure continuation of break with Rome
Weakness of conservative faction after Surrey being a twat was reason reformists could take control so easily
Edward's childhood
brought up to be King
Was taught lots of languages
started having role in government 1549
Emotionless
Account of uncle's execution
The Development of Doctrine and Further reform
the dissolution of the chantries and other vestiges of Catholicism
November 1547: dissolution of chantries
was religiously motivated in 1545 but now was doctrinally motivated
didn't believe in purgatory or prayers for the dead = no need for chantries
not just financial or effect on community but attack on eternal lives
acts repealed
Act of six artciles repealed
Left England w/o official doctrine
treason act
removed laws against treason + heresy
ppl allowed to spread radical views
protestant pamphlets attacking mass
Iconoclasm = April 1547 catholic images smashed in Portsmouth
Government response
1548: all images to be removed
preaching banned
Two prayer books
The first book of common prayer
act of uniformity meant that all members of clergy had to accept new doctrine
1549: gave liturgy to be used in parish churches
Key beliefs challenged
in baptism practice of exorcising child w/ salt was removed
Mass to be in English + wasn't re-enactment of Christ's sacrifice
wording suggested that kept transubstantiation
Commotions of 1549
means the rebellions (need to look at those)
caused removal of somerset
meant that new laws to cement theology of Protestantism
1549: laws against clerical marriage removed (cranmer's was recognised) + destruction of all remaining catholic images
1550: destruction of all stone altars (symbolised sacrifice of Eucharist) + Ordinal only allowing priests + bishops that were truly protestant
basic context
Happened in devon, Cornwall + East Anglia
Primarily about enclosure
Second book of common prayer 1552
No transubstantiation
Eucharist just to remember the sacrifice of Jesus
Spiritual presence maybe
reinforcement
1552: new treason act = questioning royal supremacy or articles of the Church punishable by death
Second act of Uniformity in april = not using book of common prayer + laity not to attend church was offence
Morebath
Churchwarden's accounts = removal of images, break up of guilds to provide candles for statues
Financial pressure to sell plate
had to use rest of resources to buy prayerbooks
shows reform was enforced
42 articles
included justification by faith alone + predestination
Other planned reforms show how radical church would be in policing private morals (reformation legume Ecclesiasticarum)
defeated by Parliament b/c seen as threatening power of the state
the role and beliefs of Cranmer
three phases of Edwardian reform
1547: Destruction of Catholic beliefs and practices
1548: a period of limbo
1548 - 1553: the establishment of protestant reform
Historians argue that first two because of somerset + more radical third because of Northumberland
April 1547: Charles V won against protestant forces at Muhlberg + made them do religious settlement refuting protestant ideology
may be due to external factors
Not many ppl wanted reform
At this point going from Lutheran to more zwinglianism
preaching at Edward's coronation
compared him to Kings of old testament + said that like thy had built new heaven on earth he would cosnstruct new Jerusalem
Sign of radical reform to come
1547 Book of homilies
authority of bishops suspended during commissioners inspecting practices of church in England
Book of homilies to be read in parish churches in place of sermons
written in English
one emphasised justification by faith alone
also demanded book in English in all parish churches
Opposition and Conformity
The influence of reformers and acceptance of religious changes
Kett rebellion said that in protestant commonwealth property should be used for benefit of all than a few rich = accepted
Western rebellions shows not accepted in South-west
Other parts of England had little resistance
The Western rebellion
causes
religious
William Body tried to destroy all images
mob killed him
dissolution of the chantries + undermining of local guilds supporting masses + prayers for the dead
Whitsudnay 1549: new prayer book announced = start of rebellion
Rebels actions
Devon + Cornwall risings began independently
Army of rebels got together + camped outside Clys St Mary (road to Exeter)
gained support
Sir Peter Carew (evangelical) sent to sort it out but failed + inflamed situation
Somerset got Lord Russell to do it but had too small a force
2 July, 2000 rebels advanced on Exeter behind banner of Five wounds
Mayor refused their demands = siege of Exeter + demands delivered to Somerset
Somerset's reaction
28 July Lord Russell urged to attack = 8,000 men attacked rebel stronghold of Sampford Courtenay
4000 across the region were killed
Unclear why reaction was so delayed
leniency
didn't understand how serious it was
military requirements elsewhere
Kett's rebellion
Causes
Enclosure
initial riot destroyed hedges
drunken yeomen destroyed hedges of Jofhn Flowerdew, Flowerdew tried to get them to attack Kett's land instead but Kett joined them
10 July Rebels camped on Mousehold Heath near Norwich + Kett lead them in setting demands + sent them to somerset
increase in price of wool encouraged landowners to turn their land over to sheep --> enclosure
Rack renting
landlords passed costs of high inflation onto tenantry by increasing rent
Kett criticised local gentry, JPs and landowners
Somerset's reaction
was originally lenient + tried to negotiate
21 July York Herald arrived at Mousehold + offered pardon to those who dispersed + promised to reduce price of wool + appoint commissioners to reform abuses
Kett refused
After Herald's left the armed themselves and took Norwich
small army under Northampton gained control of Norwich - offered pardon but refused
Somerset Commissioned to raise militas across country = 12,000 men arried outside Norwich on 23 August
27 August troops attacked + 3000 rebels died (Kett arrested to be hanged)
The Church by 1553
turned into protestant nation
appearance and practices of church attacked profoundly
Doctrine and Liturgy changed
now in English + catholic practices banned
not supported
Lancashire = liturgical objects hidden away for commissioners and taken out again
The Crisis over the succession 1553
attempts to avoid the succession of Mary
Succession acts 1534 and 1536 hadn't been repealed + these made mary illegitimate
Lady Jane Grey
Was part of Suffolk branch
Northumberland married his son Guilford to LJG in May 1553
Solid English marriage would be more accepted than foreign one that Mary might have
Devyse
would enable LJG to succeed + protestant church to be protected
Letters Patent were Drawn up
Edward died on 6 July 1553
devyse gained support of household officials, leading judges etc. + LJG was proclaimed Queen
Mary's response
travelled to ppl who she knew would support her
9 July wrote letter to Privy Council
She was joined by Duke of Norfolk, Kenninghall + a number of Key politicians at her former property
reasons for support
supported mary personally
supported legitimacy of parliamentary legislation
supported right of Tudors to rule
were Catholic
Then moved to Framlingham Castle in Norfolk where joined by Robert Brown, the Earl of Sussex etc.
Lead to divide
Privy council unwilling to acknowledge Mary's succession
public wanted Tudor queens
ppl so confused lots of officials wouldn't pick a side
Tried to Arrest Mary + put her in tower
Northumberland w/ 2500 men sacked property belonging to Mary's supporters + occupied Cambridge
The fall of Northumberland and Mary's accession
After taking Cambridge
dispatched troops further into East Anglia but found little support for QJ
19 July Northumberland returned to Cambrige to be informed that councillors had made Mary Queen
Mary had supporters
in East Anglia, Thames Valley and from provincial nobles + Gentry
Those in East Anlgia chose to do so b/c of Northumberland's treatment of Kett's rebellion
popular support for Mary expressed nationwide
pressure from representative of HRE wanted to be conciliatory than have stubborn religious position
This convinced councillors who had signed Letter Patent to change mind
maybe only supported Northumberland b/c he had military power and Mary didn't
Most supported her for religious reasons
most of supporters who joined her in East Anglia + rode to London w/ her were Catholics + nobles had voted against protestant reform
Lady Jane Gray + Northumberland said if Mary was Queen she would bring England back to"Tyrranny" of rome
Shows Catholicism was still political force in 1553 despite Protestant reforms
Punishments
Duke of Northumberland
18 August 1553: tried in front of jury of former supporters + found guilty
before execution took Catholic mass + asked to confess his sins to a priest
LJG + Guilford found of High Treason
originally spared + kept in private quarters
implication of Wyatt rebellion (partially organised by Jane's dad) = executed
Context
By 1552 Northumberland's authority in politics established
end of 1552: Edward's health deteriorating
needed to sort out succession
succession central focus of privy council
Third act of succession in 1544 + Henry's will = crown would go to Mary
Edward didn't like Mary
was very catholic and had continued to have catholic practices in Edward's rein
Edward had tried to restrict this
Privy council supported Edward against Mary
Was worried she would renounce royal supremacy, reverse reformation parliament legislation, go back to rome + reinstate monasteries
Also worried that she would marry a foreing prince + England would be satellite state to foreign Power