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The Crusader States 1149-1187 (Relations between Outremer and (Byzantine…
The Crusader States 1149-1187
Outremer from 1149
political developments
Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem
Fulk died 1143
Baldwin at 13 became King of Jerusalem, Melisende acted as regent
showed little interest in governing in beginning but did attend Council of Palmarea w/ Melisende
Antioch and Edessa
Loss of Joscelin and Raymond = had to intervene
Beatrice sold Edessa - authorised by Baldwin
went to antioch w/ Templars
made truce w/ Nureddin
Constance needed new husband but refused all those suggested
Civil war w/ Melisende
1152 = Melisende still holding on to power
Baldwin said w/o control of Jerusalem he couldn't fight the enemy properly
Melisende's supporters agreed w/ this
Melisende fortified Jerusalem + Nablus against Baldwin
Baldwin took her constable at castle Mirabel + made him leave the kingdom
W/o her nobles, Melisende submitted
Antioch
Constance ruled for minor son
When Bohemond turned 15, he should have got the crown
Constance still wanted to rule
Should have looked to Manuel for decision but looked to Baldwin (he chose Bohemond)
Manuel's marraige
his wife died = needed new one
Looked to Baldwin to suggest wife = suggestsed daughter of Raymond II of tripoli
Manuel wanted daughter of Constance Maria, of Antioch instead + so married her (sort of in retaliation for Baldwin choosing Bohemond to rule Antioch)
Meant Manuel had more influence over Antioch = not what Baldwin wanted
King Amalric
Egypt
five attempts to gain egypt between 1163 and 1170
meant he felt secure to concentrate his energies in this area
Wife, Agnes de Courtenay
had two children
Baldwin IV = Leper would become King after Amalric
Sybilla would become queen w/ Guy
Forced to divorce when he became king b/c too closely related
Agnes was married to Hugh of Ibelin
nobles worried she and her brother would gain too much influence
Amalric married Maria Comnenus instead
Baldwin IV and V
Baldwin IV
Nureddin and Saladin taking land = less income
Gave a lot of land and castles to military orders (55% of landed property in Caeserea in order's hands but 1168)
revenues only covered basic needs of kingdom = couldn't defend it
lack of conquests = no new money --> war tax implemented
was leper + relied on regents = bad
Baldwin V
crowned as co-ruler w/ WIlliam of Montferrat but died in 1186 (1 year after baldwin IV)
lead to factionalism
military strengths and weaknesses
Strengths
Weaknesses
Internal divisions within Outremer
The Reign of Baldwin IV
1174: king at aged 13 w/ leprosy
Raymond of Tripoly regent
seen as best hope for kingdom
had enemies = criticised him for wanting to reach peace w/ Saladin
1176: B became 15 + R left 4 Tripoly
B IV decided to join w/ Byzantines to attack Egypt
This failed b/c disagreement w/ Philip of Flanders + Byzantine about ownership of land in Egypt
177: Nephew Baldwin V born to sister Sybilla
The emergence of factions
Baldwin got sicker + 2 factions started to form
1 supported Raymond of Tripoli
Party of the old families e.g. Ibelins, Reynald of Sidon
After 10 years captive w/ muslims knew them well + wanted to have peace w/ them
other supported Baldwin's mother Agnes
led by newcomers
Reynald of Chatillon
Had lost Antioch but through marriage had gained Oultrejourdain
Guy of Lusignan
ambitious poitevin
Baldwin IV's mother Agnes
Hungry for power
Had son put allies in good positions
1177: Joscelin III de Courtenay appointed seneschal of Jerusalem
Hospitallers
Gerard de Ridfort had bitter personal grudge against Raymond of Tripoli
Marriage of Sybilla and Guy of Lusignan
Would determine regency
Baldwin IV wanted to hang on to kingship b/c fear of being deposed
Bohemond III of Antioch and Raymond advanced on Jerusalem
Baldwin married Sybilla and Guy
Victory for court party
Further marriage of Isabella to Humphrey IV of Toron (controlled by Reynald of Chatillon) = more victory
1183: baldwin's health bad so gave Guy regency
within months had taken it back and made Baldwin V co king
Tried to have marriage dissolved but failed
The Battle of Montisgard
1177 = victory against Saladin at Montisgard but too weak to pursue further campaigns
Saladin had more manpower = cocky
was caught by surprise + a lot of his men were still raiding
West wouldn't give Baldwin reinforcements b/c of this success
The Castle at Jacob's ford
encouraged to build castle near Damascus after Montisgard
Put pressure on saladin = offered to compensate expenses if they stopped but Franks refused so Saladin was forced into military action
1179: Saladin attacked castle + Baldwin couldn't send reinforcement so castle fell w/ in 5 days
Killed all templars inside
Baldwin IV's successors
Baldwin IV died 1185
No opposition to Baldwin V's succession w/ Raymond as regent
Baldwin V died a year later
Why did Guy lose regency in 1183
Saladin 1183 marched south from Aleppo
Guy made commander in chief b/c Baldwin ill (had never had position like this before but there was no other candidate + he was married to Sybilla)
small scale fight w/ saladin = victory for franks
Saladin tried to provoke franks into battle by attacking Mount Tabor but didn't work
Both parties withdrew
Seen as failure b/c no major engagement
Siege at Kerak 1183
During Isabella and Humphrey's wedding
very vigorous siege = walls couldn't be manned + needed reinforcements
Baldwin stripped Guy of regency b/c felt he coudldn't inspire troops to victory + took charge himself
army of Jerusalem led by Raymond relieved Kerak
This would affect him when he became king in 1187
Relations between Outremer and
wider Christendom
the Latin West
Byzantine Empire
Manuel and Baldwin
Marrying Theodora
Baldwin was horrified by Reynald of Chatillon's actions in Cyprus
married manuel's niece to bring tw groups closer together after rethinking strategy towards north of kingdom
dowry negotiations included help against Nureddin from Manuel and Reynald of Chatillon payin for his actions
1158: Manuel set off for Antioch
Reynald knew resistance was futile = surrendered + begged forgiveness
Manuel made him dress as a penitent + wait to meet Manuel
Reynald's pardon: had to provide troops for his imperial army + offer citadel whenever necessary + greek patriarch in Antioch
Baldwin met Manuel in 1159
lots of feasting and happy stuff in Antioch
Alliance = promised to help baldwin against Nureddin
Afterwards Manuel went to Nureddin and made truce to help him against Seljuk Turks = felt eastern borders secured
Context
Relationship was strained since 1st crusade
Crusaders often needed military help from Byzantines
Crusaders were jealous of the power of the Byzantines
Issues Byzantium had
helping crusaders was a distraction from these issues
Seljuk turks in Anatolia
Scicilians
Conrad III came to Manuel's aid
Wanted to rebuild his Empire
mend schism between east and west
Problems on his Balklan border
Manuel and Amalric
Amalric wanted to get Egypt + so did Nureddin
The crisis of outremer
the consequences of Saladin's capture of Jerusalem
Churches became mosques
Christians expelled from towns + cities
Fortresses destroyed
villages emptied of inhabitants
After Hattin
Saladin took Frank towns and castles w/ little opposition
had coastal ports apart from Tyre
Conrad de Montferrat from west came + lead defense
Saladin then turned his attention to Jerusalem = surrendered w/ only 3 knights defending it